The Ottoman Empire the Rise, Fall and Influence in...

The Ottoman Empire: The Rise, Fall and Influence in Todays Middle East By: Robert Rosen M01 A1 Written Assignment Throughout history, there have been many empires. Some of them lasted years, some lasted decades. But one stands alone as the longest running empire. The Ottoman Empire ruled from 1280-1922. The Empire saw 37 Sultans and an expansion of power and control over most of the Middle East and parts of Europe and Africa. The Empire had a slow, but sudden burst of growth. That burst was immediately followed by their undoing. But it left behind a long legacy which is still felt to this day in the Middle East. During this period, the Mongols were running rampant. In order to avoid certain death, the Turkic Kayi tribe fled. The†¦show more content†¦And of course, the construction of the Suez Canal was the major achievement of this empire. But tough days and unwavering sultans entrenched in their ways would soon prevail. The armys refusal to learn new methods, develop new tactics and training techniques were a major part of their undoing. With other countries developing new ways to fight, Ottoman complacency was leaving them in the dust. The devshirme system was crumbling. This system was how the Ottomans got their soldiers from the 15th to the 17th century. Boys were essentially kidnapped from their families and trained for either military or administrative service. This was also known as boy levy. It is estimated that anywhere between 500,000 and one million boys, from ages 8-20, were taken this way. The early sultans encouraged competition between traditional leaders and the devshirme to be appointed a vizier. Suleyman the Magnificent made the terrible decision to appoint all devshirme as viziers, throwing off the balance of power. Normally, there would be equal numbers of landowners and devshirme, ensuring a level of fairness. Now however, the checks and balances of the previous regime w ere no longer. Eventually, the boy levies disappeared as did the top-notch training that came with it (141-142). Being appointed a vizier was now a result of who you know, not what you know. When fundamentals fall to the wayside, control and consistency go with it. For example, inShow MoreRelatedFall of the Ottoman Empire Essay3046 Words   |  13 PagesTitle) The Ottoman empire; one of the greatest empires in history. The Empire, at its height, ruled most of the land around the Mediterranean. It contributed much to culture, science, religion, war, politics, and the world. Its monumental fall will be known throughout history. How can the swift decline of the Ottoman power be explained? Perhaps the best way to understand how important this event was, there needs to be a brief explanation of the history behind this epic collapse; showing the rise beforeRead MoreThe Rule Of King Louis Xiii1845 Words   |  8 Pagesprogressive theory is relevant in the 21st century, one must look through multiple cases in history. The first use of Raison d‘Etat, as mentioned earlier, was during the Thirty Years War in which France, despite sharing religion with the Holy Roman Empire, intervened on the Protestant side to block their increasing power. This was strictly in the interest of the French state. Further, the world witnessed the height of this t heory with the rationalization of Germany’s Hitler. Hitler was acting in aRead More Terrorism in the 21st Century Essay3451 Words   |  14 Pagesdeliberate acts of violence or threats in order to instill fear in a wide audience with the goal of achieving political or martial means (International Affairs). Even though, Islamic groups have mostly taken up the terrorism that is evident in today’s society, it has taken many forms throughout history. After the French Revolution, many leftist groups trying to gain a political goal adopted terrorist agendas. These anarchist, communist, and socialist groups continue today with less violent meansRead MoreCompare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific3853 Words   |  16 PagesCompare and Contrast Japanese and Western Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific 23 October 2013 at 18:10 The Japanese pursuit for an empire in South East Asia helped changed the balance of world power away from Europe, by taking their most lucrative colonies. Soon after the Japanese defeat in World War II, most of the colonies won their independence from their European masters. This essay will be arguing that despite the vast geographical distance and cultural, racial differences, as well as theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAutotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam WineburgRead MoreIslamic Way of warfare23558 Words   |  95 PagesAND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT With the rise of Al Qaeda and like-minded militant groups, there have been many discussions and misrepresentations of the term Islamic way of warfare. It is important to understand that anything, to be qualified as Islamic, has to have a reference from the coreRead MoreNationalism and Transnationalism in the Context of the European Union28567 Words   |  115 PagesNationalism and Transnationalism In the context of the European Union (†¦) History says, ‘Don t hope On this side of the grave.’ But then, once in a lifetime The longed-for tidal wave Of justice can rise up, And hope and history rhyme. So hope for a great sea-change On the far side of revenge. Believe that a further shore Is reachable from here. Believe in miracles And cures and healingRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pagesindeed become â€Å"hot† issues are likely to fall behind, perhaps never to recover. This book is thus a Call for Action. These challenges are not arising out of today. THEY ARE DIFFERENT. In most cases they are at odds and incompatible with what is accepted and successful today. We live in a period of PROFOUND TRANSITION—and the changes are more radical perhaps than even those that ushered in the â€Å"Second Industrial v vi Introduction Revolution† of the middle of the 19th century, or the structural

Essay about Ontological Argument Critique - 857 Words

The existence of God is a much debated philosophical argument that has mystified philosophers since the age of the ‘Enlightenment.’ Many of the different arguments put forth and analysed though, have not adequately proven God’s existence. Although in order to move forward, failed arguments must be studied to ensure that mistakes are not repeated. One such argument is the Ontological Argument. This argument was first recorded by St. Anslem (1033-1109). Descartes adapts this argument in the fifth meditation in ‘Meditations on First Philosophy.’ He first establishes that whenever he thinks about a triangle, there are certain properties that must be present in order for the form to be a triangle. Further â€Å"even if perhaps no such figure†¦show more content†¦Since no such island actually exists, Gaunilo concludes, therefore, that the argument does not prove God’s existence. However, Descartes addressed Gaunilo’s objection stating simply that whilst an island is a contrived thought, his ‘triangle’ is not. The properties of triangles can be obvious and discoverable truths; they can be proven despite the thinker. On the other hand, the perfect island may vary, based on the thoughts of different people. Thus, to link God with thoughts of an island is flawed (Cardinal, et al, 2005). Another philosopher, Charles Hartshorne held that an island was a contingent entity that can endure termination by nature. God is a necessary as he is unaffected by nature. Thus, the two entities fail to relate to each other adequately. (Grim, 1983) As the weakest of the objections, Gaunilo does appear to have missed the point of the Ontological Argument. He mistakenly likens his island to ‘God’ when, this is rather more akin to Descartes triangle or, more so, his mountain and valley. An island needs to be completely surrounded by water in order to be called an island, just as every mountain must have a valley. To remove these properties will remove something meaningful from these entities; Descartes claims existence is an essential attribute of God. However, the crux ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument is an a priori argument. The arguments attempt to prove Gods existence from the meaning of the word God. The ontological argument was introduced by Anselm of Canterbury in his book Proslogion. Anselms classical argument was based on two principals and the two most involved in this is St Anselm of Canterbury as previously mentioned and Rene Descartes. The ontological argument argues thatRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1712 Words   |  7 Pagesattempts to prove the existence of God. The argument he presents in the Third Meditation for the existence of God has been nicknamed the ‘Trademark’ argument. This argument deals with types of ideas, of which there are three, a principle called the Causal Adequacy principle, and a sliding scale of reality. The argument concludes that the idea of a God that is a perfect being is an innate idea that is real and was caused by God and therefore God is real. This argument will be explained with the greater detailRead MoreThe Major Features of the Ontological Argument for the Existence of God1021 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Ontological Argument for the Existence of God The ontological argument for the existence of God was originally set out in eleventh century by St. Anselm in his Proslogian. Anselm was a Benedictine monk, Archbishop of Canterbury, and one of the great medieval theologians. It has received a lot of both support and criticism from leaning philosophers. The argument is appeals to those who already believe in the existence of God than to an atheist. The argument is entirelyRead MoreAnshelm ¬Ã‚ ¥s Proof of God ¬Ã‚ ¥s Existence1466 Words   |  6 Pagesposition in the light of the critique put forward by Gaunilo, Aquinas and Kant. St. Anselm (1033-1109) was an Italian philosopher and monk who later left his country to become Archbishop of Canterbury. As Anselm firmly believed in God, he wanted to prove God ´s existence through use of logic and reason and thus set out to demonstrate it in his most popular book named â€Å"Proslogion† (1078) in which he proposed one argument that, centuries later, was termed Ontological Argument by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Read MoreEssay on Anselm’s Ontological Argument1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe ontological argument for God’s existence is a work of art resulting from philosophical argumentation. An ontological argument for the existence of God is one that attempts the method of a priori proof, which utilizes intuition and reason alone. The term a priori refers to deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is the type of reasoning that proceeds from general principles or premises to derive particular information. The argument works by examining the conce pt of God, and arguing that it impliesRead MoreArgument for Existence of God Essay4707 Words   |  19 PagesArgument for Existence of God The real is the rational, and the rational is the real. In philosophical discussion, no statement is, perhaps, more important or more controversial. Yet, this is the very position that I advocate within this paper. The equation of the rational with the real is at the heart of the argument I here consider, that being the ontological argument for the existence of God. There are several versions of the ontological argument for the existence of God, which is to say thatRead MoreSt. Anselm Of Canterbury2376 Words   |  10 Pagesproving the existence of god, and from this has sprouted many arguments attempting to prove or disprove god’s existence from a wide variety of different perspectives. St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury has proved a true pioneer in the study of the philosophy of religion. Anselm provided one of the most crucial and influential solutions to solving the mystery of god’s existence, the Ontological Argument. While there were many different arguments (along with their originators) discussed during the religionRead MoreHeidegger, Kant, And The Ontological Argument985 Words   |  4 PagesHeidegger, Kant, and the Ontological Argument In the introduction to The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, Martin Heidegger explains that throughout the history of philosophy, there has been many discoveries of the â€Å"domains of being† viz., â€Å"nature, space, and soul†. However, none of these discoveries could be appreciated in a way that clarifies â€Å"their specific being.† As an example, Heidegger interprets this problem, as the reason Plato understood why the soul, along with its logos, was a differentRead MoreRene Descartes Ontological Argument957 Words   |  4 Pagesmetaphysical arguments of existence of man to his proofs for the existence of God are still discussed and debated today. In the field of religion, most famous is his Ontological proof for the existence of God. In other words, proof that one can know God a priori, with no experience whatsoever. Following his publication, a philosopher named Caterus raised key objections to his proof, which he later responded to in an intriguing way. Descartes’s reply to Caterus’s critique of Descartes’s Ontological argumentRead MoreEssay on Hegel and Kant on the Ontological Argument1748 Words   |  7 PagesHegel and Kant on the Ontological Argument ABSTRACT: I intend to present Kants refutation of the ontological argument as confronted by Hegels critique of Kants refutation. The ontological argument can be exposed in a syllogistic way: everything I conceive as belonging clearly and distinctly to the nature or essence of something can be asserted as true of something. I perceive clearly and distinctly that existence belongs to the nature or essence of a perfect being; therefore, existence can

Poetry Analysis for “A Study of Two Pears” Sample Essay Example For Students

Poetry Analysis for â€Å"A Study of Two Pears† Sample Essay It takes enormous accomplishment to get the hang Imagist/Modernism poesy. yet many writers succeeded with this type of composing. Wallace Stevens. Robert Frost. and Amy Lowell are three Imagist/Modernism poets that were highly successful during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Wallace Stevens was by far one of the greatest poets of this clip period. His intent of authorship was to. â€Å"become a visible radiation in the head of others† . Stevens urgently wanted people to utilize their imaginativenesss to force past what they saw in the physical universe. Once of Wallace Stevens’ greatest plants. â€Å"The Study of Two Pears† . is precisely what it sounds like ; a survey of two pears. The talker of the poem observes two pears sitting on tabular array. Most people would look at the tabular array and merely see two pears. But when the talker of the verse form looks. he looks beyond the physical universe and finds the true natural beauty that the pear s really represent. In this verse form. Wallace Stevens’ composing manner helps the read construe the verse form and have the message that the writer is seeking to convey.The xanthous glitters.It glistens with assorted yellows.Citrons. oranges and leafy vegetablesBlooming over the tegument ( lines 17-20 ) .In the above extract. lies merely one of the many clear. concise descriptions used by Wallace Stevens to make a image for the reader. These descriptions help the reader to see the pears in a wholly new position. The writer besides used several metaphors such as. â€Å"The shadows of the pears / Are blobs on the green cloth† ( lines 21-22 ) . The metaphors placed throughout the verse form create a image for the reader as the read the verse form. These utilizations of poetic devices help the reader to see and experience the same as the talker does. The poet’s attitude and tone are besides of import in understanding the significance of â€Å"The Study of Two Pears† . In the beginning of the verse form. the talker seems to be appreciative. and even inspired by these pears. For illustration. Stevens says. â€Å"In the manner they are modelled / There are spots of blue† ( lines 13-14 ) . In these lines. the writer seems about in awe of the beauty of the pears. In the last two lines of the verse form. the tone and attitude drastically alteration. â€Å"The pears are non seen / As the perceiver wills† ( lines 23-24 ) . The tone seems to hold changed to a more melancholic kind of tone. The last two lines have likely left you in deep idea and with inquiries for the writer. These last two lines reveal what has been trouble oneselfing the writer throughout this verse form. Peoples neer even notice the pears! They don’t even save a 2nd glimpse at them. Peoples get caught in up in the bunco and hustle of their mundane lives. which is something that every one of us is guilty of making. Because of this. we frequently fail to retrieve that there is beauty in simpleness. Stevens isn’t stating that happening the beauty in simple things is an easy undertaking. But by taking some clip out of your twenty-four hours to halt and look deeper. you can happen the beauty of nature in things every bit simple as pears. I’ll be honest. At first. I didn’t understand this verse form at all. I thought this was merely a verse form about pears. But after reading the verse form several times and taking the clip to analyse it. I’ve realized that I am precisely the sort of â€Å"observer† that Stevens is mentioning to. This poem isn’t merely approximately two pears sitting on a tabular array. It’s a great reminder to loosen up and take a breathing place. It’s a great reminder to merely take some clip to bask the small things in life. Because whether we choose to admit it or non. beauty surrounds us at any given clip. no affair where we are. .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 , .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .postImageUrl , .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 , .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77:hover , .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77:visited , .u12bb9f43635f ecd91294cebe243f2d77:active { border:0!important; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77:active , .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1 2bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77 .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u12bb9f43635fecd91294cebe243f2d77:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Student Roles and Responsibilities for the Master of Counseling Marria Essay

Pennsylvania and Arizona’s Judicial Selections Essay Sample free essay sample

The United States has a alone tribunal system. One of the elements that make it a alone system is the judicial choice procedure. The makings. method of choice and election and remotion from the bench vary from province to province. The mean individual would believe there would be a Constitutional or statutory making to function as a justice. This is non the instance in the United States ( Judicial Process in America 8th edition pg. 125 chapter 6 ) . The provinces of Pennsylvania and Arizona have their ain docket when it comes to the judicial choice procedure. In the province of Pennsylvania justnesss must run into the basic makings to function on the bench that the province has in topographic point ( World Wide Web. pacourts. us ) . These makings include. being a United States citizen and must hold lived in the province for at least one twelvemonth ( World Wide Web. pacourts. us ) . Each judicial must besides run into the age demand to function every bit good. We will write a custom essay sample on Pennsylvania and Arizona’s Judicial Selections Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A justice can non function. if they are under the age of 20 one or older than 70 ( World Wide Web. pacourts. us ) . Each judicial must be a member of the Bar of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and besides keep a rigorous criterion of behavior ( World Wide Web. pacourts. us ) . Once these basic makings are met. they are so ready to hopefully be elected. Harmonizing to the judicial choice web site. Pennsylvania does non utilize the Judicial Nominating Commissions as their method to choosing a justness to function on the bench ( World Wide Web. judicialselctions. us ) . The justnesss run for election to derive a place in the tribunals. They do this by candidacy and acquiring the necessary financess from contributions and their political party. Elections in the province are held in uneven numbered old ages. Once a justness is elected they can function an limitless sum of footings until the compulsory retirement age of 70 and are retained or re-elected by electors. Appellate Courts and Courts of Common Pleas Judgess serve 10 twelvemonth footings. All other tribunal justnesss such as. Magisterial District and Traffic Court Judgess serve six twelvemonth footings ( World Wide Web. pacourts. us ) . If there are any vacancies before an election they can be filled by the gubernational assignment ( World Wide Web. pacourts. us ) . Now every province has a behavior policy for a judicial that is functioning on the bench. In Pennsylvania. a justice can be removed in two ways. The first manner they can be removed is if the judicial behavior board finds likely cause to register charges against the justice. They will so show it to the tribunal of judicial subject. From at that place. the tribunal of judicial subject has the authorization to manus down countenances and remotion from office ( World Wide Web. judicialselection. us ) . The 2nd manner a justice could be removed is by the house of representatives and is convicted by two tierces senate. In the province of Arizona. the judicial procedure plants on a different graduated table. The makings to go a justice in the province of Arizona are more of a high criterion than they are in Pennsylvania. In the province of Arizona 1 must be licensed to pattern jurisprudence before they can sit on the bench. To have a place on the Supreme Court. a justice must hold ten years’ experience practising jurisprudence. To function on the lower tribunals a justice needs a minimal five years’ experience to acquire a place ( World Wide Web. judgepedia. org ) . Like the province of Pennsylvania. Arizona has a compulsory retirement age of 70 old ages old. On the other manus. on can non function as a justice until they are 30 old ages of age ( World Wide Web. judgepedia. org ) . The choice procedure to go a judicial in the province of Arizona is besides different than Pennsylvania. In the province of Arizona. there are no held elections for justnesss to function on the bench. Justices are selected to the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals by the Judicial Nominating Commissions. This is besides known as the virtue choice ( World Wide Web. judgepedia. com ) . When it comes to Arizona’s Superior Court. they are selected by the Commission choice in counties transcending the population of 250. 000. In the other 13 counties. the Judgess are selected in the non- partizan election of Judgess ( World Wide Web. judgepedia. org ) . However if there is a vacancy on the bench. incoming new justnesss submit applications to the Arizona Commission on Appellate Court Appointments. From at that place. they form a list of possible justnesss and so the governor picks one from that list to function. One thing the province of Pennsylvania and Arizona has in common is their codification of behavior policy. Justices can be removed in three ways in the province of Arizona. The first manner they can be removed is to be impeached by a bulk ballot of the house of representatives and convicted by two tierces ballot of the Senate ( World Wide Web. judicialselection. us ) . The 2nd manner they can be removed is by the Supreme Court on the recommendations of the committee of judicial behavior. Finally a justice can be capable to remember an election. It is instead surprising that each province has their ain manner of choosing and electing justnesss to the bench. One would presume all 50 provinces would hold the same format when choosing justnesss to function. It is even more lurid that Pennsylvania does non even necessitate to pattern jurisprudence earlier functioning as a justness. and the province of Arizona does non even let the citizens to vote their justnesss into the tribunals. This is what makes the United States judicial procedure so alone. Mentions Carp. Robert A. . Ronald Stidham. and Kenneth L. Manning. â€Å"chapter 6. † Judicial procedure in America. 8th erectile dysfunction. Washington. D. C. : CQ Press. 2011. 125. Print. â€Å"Judgepedia. † Judgepedia. N. p. . n. d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. judgepedia. org gt ; . â€Å"Judicial Choice in the States. † Judicial Selection in the States. N. p. . n. d. Web. 24 Jan. 2013. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. judicialselection. us gt ; . instances. tribunal. the most recent tribunal intelligence. and statistics. . â€Å"Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. † Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. N. p. . n. d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pacourts. us gt ; .

Understanding the Infamous Milgram Experiment

Understanding the Infamous Milgram Experiment In the 1960s, psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of studies on the concepts of obedience and authority. His experiments involved instructing study participants to deliver increasingly high-voltage shocks to an actor in another room, who would scream and eventually go silent as the shocks became stronger. The shocks werent real, but study participants were made to believe that they were. Today, the Milgram experiment is widely criticized on both ethical and scientific grounds. However, Milgrams conclusions about humanitys willingness to obey authority figures remain influential and well-known. Key Takeaways: The Milgram Experiment The goal of the Milgram experiment was to test the extent of humans willingness to obey orders from an authority figure.Participants were told by an experimenter to administer increasingly powerful electric shocks to another individual. Unbeknownst to the participants, shocks were fake and the individual being shocked was an actor.The majority of participants obeyed, even when the individual being shocked screamed in pain.The experiment has been widely criticized on ethical and scientific grounds. Milgram’s Famous Experiment In the most well-known version of Stanley Milgrams experiment, the 40 male participants were told that the experiment focused on the relationship between punishment, learning, and memory. The experimenter then introduced each participant to a second individual, explaining that this second individual was participating in the study as well. Participants were told that they would be randomly assigned to roles of teacher and learner. However, the second individual was an actor hired by the research team, and the study was set up so that the true participant would always be assigned to the teacher role. During the study, the learner was located in a separate room from the teacher (the real participant), but the teacher could hear the learner through the wall. The experimenter told the teacher that the learner would memorize word pairs and instructed the teacher to ask the learner questions. If the learner responded incorrectly to a question, the teacher would be asked to administer an electric shock. The shocks started at a relatively mild level (15 volts) but increased in 15-volt increments up to 450 volts. (In actuality, the shocks were fake, but the participant was led to believe they were real.) Participants were instructed to give a higher shock to the learner with each wrong answer. When the 150-volt shock was administered, the learner would cry out in pain and ask to leave the study. He would then continue crying out with each shock until the 330-volt level, at which point he would stop responding. During this process, whenever participants expressed hesitation about continuing with the study, the experimenter would urge them to go on with increasingly firm instructions, culminating in the statement, You have no other choice, you must go on. The study ended when participants refused to obey the experimenter’s demand, or when they gave the learner the highest level of shock on the machine (450 volts). Milgram found that participants obeyed the experimenter at an unexpectedly high rate: 65% of the participants gave the learner the 450-volt shock. Critiques of the Milgram Experiment Milgram’s experiment has been widely criticized on ethical grounds. Milgram’s participants were led to believe that they acted in a way that harmed someone else, an experience that could have had long-term consequences. Moreover, an investigation by writer Gina Perry uncovered that some participants appear to not have been fully debriefed after the study- they were told months later, or not at all, that the shocks were fake and the learner wasn’t harmed. Milgram’s studies could not be perfectly recreated today, because researchers today are required to pay much more attention to the safety and well-being of human research subjects. Researchers have also questioned the scientific validity of Milgram’s results. In her examination of the study, Perry found that Milgram’s experimenter may have gone off script and told participants to obey many more times than the script specified. Additionally, some research suggests that participants may have figured out that the learner was not actually harmed: in interviews conducted after the study, some participants reported that they didn’t think the learner was in any real danger. This mindset is likely to have affected their behavior in the study. Variations on the Milgram Experiment Milgram and other researchers conducted numerous versions of the experiment over time. The participants levels of compliance with the experimenter’s demands varied greatly from one study to the next. For example, when participants were in closer proximity to the learner (e.g. in the same room), they were less likely give the learner the highest level of shock. Another version of the study brought three teachers into the experiment room at once. One was a real participant, and the other two were actors hired by the research team. During the experiment, the two non-participant teachers would quit as the level of shocks began to increase. Milgram found that these conditions made the real participant far more likely to disobey the experimenter, too: only 10% of participants gave the 450-volt shock to the learner. In yet another version of the study, two experimenters were present, and during the experiment, they would begin arguing with one another about whether it was right to continue the study. In this version, none of the participants gave the learner the 450-volt shock. Replicating the Milgram Experiment Researchers have sought to replicate Milgrams original study with additional safeguards in place to protect participants. In 2009, Jerry Burger replicated Milgram’s famous experiment at Santa Clara University with new safeguards in place: the highest shock level was 150 volts, and participants were told that the shocks were fake immediately after the experiment ended. Additionally, participants were screened by a clinical psychologist before the experiment began, and those found to be at risk of a negative reaction to the study were deemed ineligible to participate. Burger found that participants obeyed at similar levels as Milgram’s participants: 82.5% of Milgram’s participants gave the learner the 150-volt shock, and 70% of Burger’s participants did the same. Milgram’s Legacy Milgram’s interpretation of his research was that everyday people are capable of carrying out unthinkable actions in certain circumstances. His research has been used to explain atrocities such as the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide, though these applications are by no means widely accepted or agreed upon. Importantly, not all participants obeyed the experimenter’s demands, and Milgram’s studies shed light on the factors that enable people to stand up to authority. In fact, as sociologist Matthew Hollander writes, we may be able to learn from the participants who disobeyed, as their strategies may enable us to respond more effectively to an unethical situation. The Milgram experiment suggested that human beings are susceptible to obeying authority, but it also demonstrated that obedience is not inevitable. Sources Baker, Peter C. â€Å"Electric Schlock: Did Stanley Milgrams Famous Obedience Experiments Prove Anything?† Pacific Standard (2013, Sep. 10). https://psmag.com/social-justice/electric-schlock-65377Burger, Jerry M. Replicating Milgram: Would People Still Obey Today?.  American Psychologist 64.1 (2009): 1-11. http://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2008-19206-001Gilovich, Thomas, Dacher Keltner, and Richard E. Nisbett. Social Psychology. 1st edition, W.W. Norton Company, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?isbn0393913236Hollander, Matthew. â€Å"How to Be a Hero: Insight From the Milgram Experiment.† HuffPost Contributor Network (2015, Apr. 29). https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-to-be-a-hero-insight-_b_6566882Jarrett, Christian. â€Å"New Analysis Suggests Most Milgram Participants Realised the ‘Obedience Experiments’ Were Not Really  Dangerous.† The British Psychological Society: Research Digest (2017, Dec. 12). https://digest.bps.org.uk/2017/12/12/int erviews-with-milgram-participants-provide-little-support-for-the-contemporary-theory-of-engaged-followership/ Perry, Gina. â€Å"The Shocking Truth of the Notorious Milgram Obedience Experiments.† Discover Magazine Blogs (2013, Oct. 2). http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2013/10/02/the-shocking-truth-of-the-notorious-milgram-obedience-experiments/Romm, Cari. â€Å"Rethinking One of Psychologys Most Infamous Experiments.† The Atlantic (2015, Jan. 28). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/rethinking-one-of-psychologys-most-infamous-experiments/384913/

How to Write a Perfect Food Service Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Food Service Resume (Examples Included) From instagrammable tasting menus to the satisfying quickness of a fast-food burger with fries, the food industry is a perennially busy one.   It’s a fast-moving field, with lots of turnover and opportunities if you’re looking for one. You need to be ready when those opportunities come up, or when you’re on the hunt for a new gig. The first step should always be getting your resume in order. If yours could use a makeover, let’s look at some food service industry samples that can help guide you through your own resume revision process. 1.Restaurant server resume2.Restaurant supervisor resume3.Food service  resumeFirst up is Barney, who’s looking to take his part-time jobs and volunteer experience and leverage them into his first full-time restaurant job.download this resume in ms wordBarney Barnett99 Rose AvenueSan Jose, CA 98989555-333-8888bbarnett@emaildomain.comEnthusiastic, responsible food service professional with safe food-handling certifi cate, dedicated to excellent customer serviceSkillsOutgoing personalityBilingual (spanish)Team playerSafe food handlingStrong customer focusEducationSan Jose community college- food safety handling certificate, 2016Eastside High School- Diploma, 2015Work ExperienceBlue crab bar grillFood service trainee, March 2016 – presentBusboy/dishwasher, May 2012 – March 2016Serve as jack-of-all-trades in the kitchen and front-of-house, working with servers and building on experience as a dishwasher and busboy.Serve food and assist servers as needed to provide quick and high-quality customer serviceSet, clear, and clean tablesWash dishes, and organize dishes for efficient cleaning and servingTrained in using POS systemsVolunteer ExperienceHelping Hands Shelter Soup KitchenServer and dishwasher, September 2011 – presentAssist the kitchen manager with meal planning and servingServe customers during breakfast, lunch, or dinner shiftsOrganize kitchen cleanup and conduct inve ntoryBarney doesn’t have any full-time experience, so he wants to frame his skills as his biggest selling point. This means he’s using a slightly different format, putting skills up front. He also uses his objective statement as a headline of sorts, giving the reader the elevator pitch of his qualifications: service-oriented personality and certification in the field. This is his first chance to showcase what he brings to his next restaurant.For his experience, this section is short- but barney uses it to good advantage, showing that he has varied experience, working both in the kitchen and out on the serving floor. He also makes sure to include his volunteer experience, which is also kitchen-related.Next up is Kenny, who has been working in restaurants for more than 12 years, and wants to revise his resume to take advantage of opportunities to step up.download this resume in ms wordKenny Chapell65 Hearth StreetPortland, ME 54545(333) 222-0000kennyc@emaildomain.comVete ran customer-focused food server with more than 15 years of experience and a strong history of revenue generation, repeat business, and top-notch service.ExperienceThe Lobster Pot                                                                                                                         Portland, MEShift manager server                                                                      February  2010 – presentGenerated more than $750,000 in sales revenue to date by leveraging knowledge of the food, wine, and cocktail menus in order to make the perfect recommendations for each customer in a busy, fast-paced restaurant environment.Manage front-of-house duties, including employee scheduling and day-to-day supervision and management for a staff of 25 servers, busboys, and dishwashers.Process daily sales numbers and ensure cash register accu racy.Handle cash and credit transactions with total accuracy.Serve customers, with a focus on following up to ensure a great customer experience and repeat business.Bartolo’s Bistro                                                                                                                        Portland, ME Server                                                                                                                  March 2007 – April 2010Built and maintained customer relationships at portland’s highest-ratedFrench restaurant.Provided exceptional customer service to ensure repeat business.Demonstrated deep product knowledge when discussing menu options and making recommendations to customers.Prioritized time management to maximize customer satisfaction and revenue generation.Reconciled cash regi ster at the beginning and end of day to verify sales.Configured tip sharing for front-of-house staff.Pizza Pete’s  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Portland, ME Server                                                                                                            Januaryry 2002 – April 2007 Dishwasher                                                                                                         June 2006 – April 2007Created a welcoming environment for every customer in a fast-paced, family o riented franchise of a national pizza chain.Served food and drink orders quickly and accurately.Maintained a clean work area and other daily shift duties.Demonstrated strong teamwork and multitasking abilities.Served children’s birthday parties.Promoted to server after less than a year spent as a dishwasher and food service trainee.Additional SkillsAdept at operating POS systemsHandling customer transactions with scrupulous accuracyResolving customer and staff issues as they come upManaging servers and other staffMicrosoft office (word, excel, powerpoint)QuickbooksEducationRentschler College, Portland, ME A.S., Business Administration (in progress)Merriweather High School, Portland, ME High School diploma, 2008Unlike Barney, Kenny has a lot of great restaurant serving experience, so the more traditional reverse-chronological format works well for him. Kenny is also very careful with his word choice, using attention-grabbing words like â€Å"veteran† and â€Å"revenue generation† in his objective statement to underline that experience to the reader. Word choice is so important on your resume- in a world where every job opening gets a lot of applicants, the words you choose can make the difference between an interview invite and a shuffle past- so choose wisely! Use words that emphasize how great you are, and speak to the skills and experience you want to highlight. Kenny also uses narrative to his advantage by giving a brief summary for each of his jobs to frame what he wants to emphasize in each one.Next up we have another restaurant veteran, Kelsey, who wants to make the jump to senior management, after years of serving and floor managing.download this resume in ms wordKelsey Choi 433 Rosa Parks Blvd, apt 4g Birmingham, AL 21212 kelseyc@emaildomain.com (777) 888-9999Experienced server with demonstrated leadership experience. Proven revenue generator, specializing in repeat customer cultivation and maintenance. adept problem solver, with experience resolving customer and staff issues in house. Strong administrator, with extensive experience managing staff schedules, hiring, training, and daily accounting. Work ExperienceFloor Manager/Lead Server BarAmericann, Birmingham, AL October 2012 – presentLead a team of 20 servers as front-of-house manager of popular, fast-paced fusion restaurant.Use POS system to help management improve margins, ensure accurate sales reporting, manage more effectively, and develop staff revenue goalsCreate and manage staff schedulesCoordinate reservations via open table and phoneTrain front-of-house staff on serving protocols, safe food handling, and time managementBuild a strong team through positive, proactive communication and coachingServe customers as needed, providing stellar service and encouraging repeat businessPromoted to manager from lead server, and from server to lead server over the course of four yearsServer Flip’s Burger Hut, Mobile, AL March 2010 – Sept ember 2012Provided top-notch customer service as a member of a team that saw $4 million in revenue generation.Developed strong multitasking skills in a fast-paced environment while managing a constant flow of guests during lunch and dinner shiftsServed guests with a focus on time and revenue management, while providing excellent customer experiencesTrained new staff on restaurant processes and policiesHandled daily revenue of $1000 – $2000Worked full time shifts while attending schoolSkillsInterpersonal communication (managing customer concerns and needs, coordinating and educating staff)Staff management (currently manage day-to-day operations for a front-of-house staff of 30)Knowledge and application of customer habits and patternsPOS system management (servtech, salesapp)Quickbooks pro (expert level knowledge)Microsoft excel (expert level knowledge)EducationAlabama University B.A., Hospitality Management, 2014National Food Safety Board Foodsafe handling and safety certifica tion (Alabama)Kelsey has a lot of information she wants to include in this resume- that means she has a lot of editing to do, to make sure that a) she’s setting the narrative she wants to set; and b) she’s not overcrowding it. To do this, she needs to show her information in a very efficient way. Because she does have a lot of experience, and wants to show how multi-faceted she is a manager, she opts against the standard objective statement and instead uses a summary statement. This sets the tone of the rest of her resume, and gives her a guideline for the bullets she’ll use later, when describing her experience.Speaking of her experience, Kelsey sticks to her narrative by listing her most relevant jobs. She may have others, but these are the ones that showcase her development as a server and manager, which is what she wants to emphasize in order to level up in that area. This way, she has room to talk about her skills, without creating an overcrowded novel of a resume.For her skills, Kelsey doesn’t just list them- she provides brief examples or explanatory notes for each. Nothing too extensive, but enough to show the reader that she has concrete background for each. She should be prepared to discuss these in more depth (or add more examples) in an interview.Kelsey’s lowest priority (in her resume, not in life!) is her education. This is important, but this is a case where kelsey wants to emphasize her skills and experience in action. So while it’s key to note that she has degrees and certification, it’s not necessarily her headline.The key to crafting an effective resume is paying attention to what goes where. Templates and structure are great as a starting point, but you want your resume to make you shine- and that means customizing the doc to put your strongest professional qualities right under the nose of the resume reader.If you’re looking for a food service job, thejobnetwork has you covered. check out the below listings to find a job in your area:Find restaurant server jobsFind restaurant supervisor jobsFind food service manager jobs

1200 Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

1200 Middle Ages - Essay Example With my caravan of servants I find myself in a city in the Kingdom of Georgia named Apsaros. This city is a port on the Black Sea. I traveled here to trade with another caravan of merchants which I had been told came from Persia. I met them and they took me into their tents. I could not help but notice that their women never spoke and wore garb from head to toe. Our Greek women, though not immodest, are allowed to show their faces. Not these women. Though I had little to trade, I did fortunately have a large amount of gold coins that I had acquired months prior. With these coins I bought from these Persians many silver plates (a famous Persian product) and, as luck had it, several roles of silk. The head merchant of the Persians, a man by the name of Mahbod Arsham, told me the silk came from yet another group of traders who had traveled across the Asian steppe, to the other side of the Pamir Mountains, where they had encountered a band of Mongolian nomads. Having traveled south, we find ourselves in the Ayyubid Caliphate city of Ar Roha. We are not here for trading purposes. Another large caravan of Muslim traders arrived in the city at about the same time we did. Some of these men were not just any Muslims, they were followers of Sufism. One of them named Abdelaziz Ibn Nasab was kind enough to tell me about his group’s beliefs. He said that they follow all the rules of Islam but also seek to control their bodily impulses. This reminded me of the ascetics in my native Byzantium. They rigorously study the Quran and the teachings of Muhammed. Muslims believe in the submission of oneself to Allah, their god. The Quran is very important, central even, to their religion. The Sufists pride themselves not only as Muslims but also as Muslims who have sought to purify themselves before god. For them the seeker of the divine path, the Dervish, must dedicate himself to fulfilling Allah’s word as expressed in the Quran. I now find myself in

Environmental Importance of Concentrating on Renewable Energy Sources Research Paper

Environmental Importance of Concentrating on Renewable Energy Sources - Research Paper Example Nonconventional sources include solar thermal power, biogas wind energy, solar photovoltaic and tidal energy. Most of these sources are cheaper and renewable as compared to conventional sources. However, in most of the countries, these sources have not yet been fully developed and commercially exploited. The overall limitations and scarcity of fossils have given a rose to the urgent need for developing and exploiting these alternate energy sources. In addition, considering the cost of transportation of energy to far-flung and rural areas, local available non-conventional and renewable energy sources become more important for meeting localized rural energy needs. The sources of energy are divided into three categories: Renewable Sources, Non-Renewable Sources, and Nuclear Sources. In Nonrenewable sources comes the fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum. The renewable energy sources are solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal power. The nuclear-powered sources are fission and fusion. The advantages of Renewable energy is that they are sustainable energy sources and are replaced by nature after use, unlike fossil fuels and petroleum which take millions of years and special conditions for their formation and are in limited supply. Among renewable energy sources Sunlight, wind, water, and biomass are mostly used all over the world. Sunlight can be transformed into electricity using photovoltaic panels. This electricity can be used to drive a multitude of electrical appliances. In addition, light, heat, and ultraviolet composure of the sun's energy can also be converted into heat using solar thermal panels. The heat can be used to heat water or air for residential, commercial and industrial use. Electricity is also produced by flowing water and Wind in large scale in man parts of the world.

Math Anxiety and Math Self-Efficacy Essay Example for Free

Math Anxiety and Math Self-Efficacy Essay Objective: This is a descriptive-correlational study which investigated the relationship between math anxieties, math self-efficacies and math achievements of maritime college sophomores in Iloilo, Philippines. Method: This research was conducted at the three campuses of St. Therese- MTC Colleges, namely: Tigbauan, La Fiesta, and Magdalo Sites during the first semester of academic year 2004-2005. The participants of the study consisted of 316 maritime sophomores who were chosen using proportional random sampling. The data for this study were gathered using standardized questionnaires. For mathematics achievement, the mean of their grades in mathematics subjects taken in their first year were used. Basic descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, t-test for independent samples, and Pearson-Product Moment correlation test were used to analyze data. Result: The study found out that the majority of the maritime sophomores belonged to the â€Å"terminal† case of math anxiety or was on the verge of becoming impatient, yet the majority had a high math self-efficacy level. Their math achievements, on the other hand, were generally poor. They differed significantly on their math achievement when grouped according to math anxiety and math self-efficacy. Finally, negative but significant relationship existed between math anxiety and math self-efficacy and math anxiety and math achievement while math self-efficacy and math achievement were positively and significantly related. In other words, those with low math anxiety had high math self-efficacy and consequently they performed better in math than those with high math anxiety and low math self-efficacy. Discussion: Results indicated that the higher math anxiety is the lower is math self-efficacy and math achievement. In the same manner, lower math anxiety results to high math self-efficacy which in turn results to high math achievement. This is consistent with studies done by previous researchers like Richardson and Suinn, (1972), and Suinn, et al, (1972) to name a few. Although three decades and cultural differences separated the studies, still similar results have been observed. This only implies that when it comes to factors related to math performance, time and culture have no bearing on the results. Conclusion: Generally, maritime college sophomores’ math achievements were poor. However, when they were grouped according to math anxiety and math self-efficacy, it showed that those with high self-efficacy had higher math achievement than those with low self-efficacy. Moreover, those with high math anxiety had lower math achievement compared to those with low math anxiety. The study suggests that math educators must look into building students’ confidence in mathematics to overcome their anxiety and thus, improve their overall performance in math.

BMG Entertainment Essay -- Business Case Studies Essays Papers

BMG Entertainment The Internet, by making free and non-free online distribution of music, has profoundly affected how business is conducted in the record industry in terms of distribution channels, copyright and the economic structure of the major players in the global market. Initially, the Internet was viewed as an opportunity by some of the major players as a new channel of promotion. However, after the existence of Napster and few others, the majority considered it as threat because of the increase in the free file sharing. Consequently, for the Internet to be an opportunity for the major players, they had to adopt new business model in terms of distribution for online customers while keeping their conventional distribution channels. Early response to this threat was searching for technological solution in order to prevent piracy, going to court to sue for copyright infringement, the five major players and others offered their own authorized online distribution joint venture, all in attempt to kee p their power in the market. By fall 2000, there were 80 million users for Napster, and according to survey that was conducted on Napster users, there was an increase of 9% in music fans spending, among more experienced users there was an increase of 20% in their music spending, in addition to an increase of 19% among those using high speed connection. Napster and other free file sharing had caused the record sales to suffer. However, the file sharing services altered the conventional way of lessening to music for consumers. In 2001, 50% of U.S. households owned PCs; consumers spent $1.6 billion on CD burner, blank CDs and digital-audio players. 54% of PCs sales came with CD burners. More than 26% of online music users were ... ...threats that the major companies are facing. The five major companies have to use all of their albums in the new giant venture, and in this way competing by others would be very hard. Consumers would use this channel because it has more than 85% of the albums in the market. Through online promotions, the new venture would gather information on new prospective buyers for new albums. Therefore, all the major companies can make their marketing strategies more efficient. By following the third alternative, BMG would reduce the risk that is associated with the next move. BMG would be heading in the same direction of the industry as well as focusing on its core competence. Because of the uncertainty of how the new business model would look like, there would be new business model for the whole industry. This alternative is the lowest risk in terms of financial cost.

Issues of Conflict in Juno and the Paycock

The theme of conflict is a brooding and dominant characteristic of the playwright Sean O'Casey's acclaimed masterpiece Juno and the Paycock, first performed at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, in 1924. The events' portrayed in the drama unfold against the backdrop of the sectarian violence of the Irish Civil War, waged from1922-1923, in an Ireland not yet healed from many recent years' of armed political struggle with the British authorities' who for centuries' had controlled the governance of the island.This modern armed struggle began with the Easter Rising of 1916, carrying through to the events' of The Irish War of Independence, fought from 1919-1921, which resulted in the signing of the Anglo Irish Treaty of 1921, the root of the current aggression in the play being engaged in by former comrades' on the streets' and in the homes' of towns' and cities' across the nation. Pivotal to the action of the play are the Boyle family, terribly poor, working class tenants' living in the tenement s' of Dublin, the slums' of the period, in conditions' comparable with the worst known anywhere in Europe.The narrative explores their efforts' to carry on with their normal daily lives' in the tumultuous, often explosive conditions' they are encompassed by. To accurately discuss every aspect of conflict that exists' within the pages of, arguably, O'Casey's finest work would be a monumental undertaking and unfortunately would require significantly more time than this discussion could allow. The purpose of this essay instead, will be to examine the conflict existing in the relationship, and acted out within the pages of the play, between two of the central characters', â€Å"Captain† Jack Boyle, the self deluded patriarch of the household, and his long suffering wife, the titular Juno.The aim of this work is to dissect the dynamics' of their relationship, examining the roles' they have adopted that lead, despite a temporary lull in hostilities during act two, to the irrevocabl e breakdown of the marriage, helping Juno to the final courageous decision to place the welfare of her daughter and unborn grandchild before that of her layabout, thankless, disaster of a husband, a truly radical and virtually unheard of decision for a woman to take in the male dominated, patriarchal  society of that time.From the outset of the play we are confronted with the animosity that exists between Jack and Juno. In the opening scenes of act one, we are introduced to Juno who has just returned from an early morning shopping trip with breakfast items for the not yet returned Jack, who has apparently stayed out all night with his ne'er do well, parasitic drinking buddy Joxer Daly. The tone of her exchange with Mary, her daughter, in reference to Jack's absence is unmistakeable.Mary has just informed her mother of her father's failure to return to which she replies, â€Å"Oh, he'll come in when he likes; struttin' about the town like a paycock with Joxer, I suppose.† Th is is a woman unimpressed with her missing husband to say the least, the reader is left with the impression that not only will Jack feel her wrath when their paths' cross, Joxer will receive a lashing also should he surface alongside his nefarious companion! Act one progress’s to the point where the trio meet. The exchange is filled with vehemence from the wrathful Juno, determined to exact her revenge on the lackadaisical duo presented before her.Joxer and the â€Å"Captain† have entered the tenement believing Juno long gone to work, but secretly secluded behind hangings separating her bed from the living quarters she has listened to both men insult and berate her in her believed absence. She emerges from her seclusion and unceremoniously chases the vagrant Joxer from her home despite the protestations of a perplexed Jack, who in cohorts with his partner in crime, has tried to convince his wife the two loafers' have the potential of work that afternoon. Juno retorts t o Jack, â€Å"Look here Mr. Jacky Boyle, them yarns won't go down with Juno. I know you an' Joxer Daly of an oul' date, an' if you think you're able to come it over me with them fairy tales, you're in the wrong shop.†The exchange continues with Jack unable to get a word in his own defence and Juno revelling in her dressing down of the â€Å"Captain†. His sparse responses', when allowed, are pleading and full of self pity, â€Å"it ud be betther for a man to be dead, betther for a man to be dead.† is as useful a response as we receive from Jack as Juno's tirade against him continues.The reader is left in no doubt throughout the exchange that this morally indolent little man is no match for his wife. We are also left in no doubt as to the roles occupied by the couple within the relationship at this point. Jack is a fantasist, he  refuses to accept his responsibility to help provide for his family, he refuses any and all offers of work, claiming chronic pain when genuine opportunities arise, â€Å"I'm afther gettin' a terrible twinge in me right leg† he is heard to cry when presented with the possibility of work by Jerry Devine.Yet he is found to be in the rudest of health when no work is to be found, â€Å"it's miraculous that whenever he scents a job in front of him, his legs begin to fail him!† is the explanation presented to us, tongue firmly in cheek, by Juno. He prefers to spend the family's last few pounds loafing from bar to bar with the lecherous Joxer in tow, rather than contribute to help relieve the crushing poverty trap into which his family have found themselves ensnared. His is an existence full of exaggerated exploits, â€Å"Everybody callin' you the â€Å"Captain†, an' you only wanst on the wather in an oul' collier from here to Liverpool†.He believes thoroughly in the legend he has created around himself and believes completely in his right as the patriarch of the family not to have his decision s questioned regardless of how morally deficient to their situation they may be. In the character of Jack we find comparisons, as suggested by Pressley, N, (2011), in his review of the play for The Washington Post, to Shakespeare's Jack Falstaff â€Å"for his inflated presentation and chronic lack of means†.In contrast to this vulgar fantasist we are given the ultimate realist in the downtrodden and hassled form of Juno, named by O'Casey for the Roman goddess of â€Å"Protection, Motherhood & Marriage†, Waldherr, K, (2007). Through Jack's refusal to embrace his responsibility to provide for his family and be a dutiful husband Juno has been forced over time to assume the role of wife, mother and sole provider for the family.She is all to aware of the severity of their situation, walking the tight rope alone of providing for her invalided son, out of work daughter and obnoxious husband as well as herself in an environment where not only must she contend with the harsh an d unrelenting poverty stricken conditions, inescapable for most at the best of times, she must also contend with the bitter knowledge of the potential for any of her loved ones to lose their lives at any given time if caught up in the guerrilla warfare being waged around them on the streets' of their home. Juno faces all this with a reality and strength of character befitting her name that shines through despite the best attempts of her  Falstaffian husband to break her spirit and reduce her life to the petty existence of his own.One would argue, to be judged successfully or not by the reader that these traits already existing in the relationship of Mr. and Mrs. Boyle, explored throughout the piece, doomed them to the fate to which they inevitably succumbed. The events of the play may have been the straw that broke the proverbial camel's back but the foundations of this relationship had long since been rendered asunder by years of neglect, abuse and selfishness from Jack towards h is wife and family.This finally culminated in our heroines realisation that no matter how much she tried, no matter how much effort she made her feckless husband was never going to be capable of any sort of decency towards her or the family and the radical road she was forced to choose with Mary, helping to raise and provide for her daughter's unborn child was not only the right thing to do for themselves but it was the only chance the child would have at a decent beginning for the future. The humanity, courage and strength of Juno are fully realised in this exchange with Mary;Mary. â€Å"my poor little child that'll have no father!Mrs Boyle. â€Å"It'll have what's far betther – it'll have two mothers.†This exchange is an act of selflessness that Jack could never comprehend of making, representing the final nail in the coffin of the Boyle's marriage and the final separation of the characters involvement with each other on a relationship or any other level imaginable. This is the decisive moment where Juno transcends both her husband and the restrictions of her environment ending her conflict and enabling her to move on to the next stage of her life as a single, yet more complete person.

The velocity of sound by means of resonance

University of Salahaddin – Hawler Education College Physics Dept. Shaqlawa Name of experiment The velocity of sound by means of resonance tube closed at one end. No. experiment: 5 Name: Goran Kamaran A. razaq Stage: 1st Class Group: C Date: 12/12/2013 Apparatuses:- This lab utilizes the following materials: Resonance tube Pail of water Tuning forks Rubber mallet Measuring tape Thermometer Thorey:- Fill the tube with water to about 10cm to the open end of the tube. To adjust the level of the water in the tube. move the side bucket up and down in the vertical irection.Use five different tuning forks and the appropriate head of the mallet. Strike the tuning fork with the appropriate mallet above the open end of the tube and slowly start lowering the side bucket so the water level goes down until you hear an Increase In sound which Is called resonance. Record the location where the resonance occurred and record the height. After you get the first resonance, repeat by lowering the water further down the tube until you get a total of two resonance recordings. Repeat the experiment with a different tuning fork and record the ppropriate data.Each fork was struck above the water level and the water level was slowly moved down until a resonance was heard. The distance where the resonance occurs were recorded and the speed of the waves were determined. The experimental speed of sound was then compared to the calculated theoretical speed of sound. The results obtained were very close to the theoretical speed of sound thus proving that they were precise. Ill. The cause of errors in the process. 1- the rooms noise 2- Before now, we will not work in scientific laboratories. Mistake ratio OR Error ratio: Error† = I . 05

Valuable Leadership Experience

Valuable Leadership Experience Business managers are increasingly finding themselves being replaced by business leaders. The difference between a leader and a manager is that while a manager views the job as a career, a leader perceives it as a calling and a personal responsibility.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Valuable Leadership Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are many traits that differentiate between a manager and a leader, but the most significant element is their role since the duty of a manager is to manage, while that of a leader is to lead. Unlike managers, leaders attract their follows by earning their trust and through motivation. In my professional career, I have had several opportunities not only to be a manager, but also to exercise my leadership skills. This essay endeavors to describe one such occasion. Our company strategized to formulate a method through which our major clients would be transited for GAAP to IFSR. The company executives preferred internally bred solution. Thus, we were divided into teams, each with a leader and a mentor. The teams were to present their findings to the judges who were the company executives in a span of two weeks. Ken, an extremely respected business leader was my team leader. However, his packed schedules did not allow him time to convene our group within the first week. Upon realizing that we were running out of time, I decide to convene our first meeting with our mentor to map the way forward. This first meeting was not very successful as my team members did not have the necessary knowledge on the case we were working on. This influenced our mentor to be very skeptical of our team’s ability. That is when I decided to take full responsibility of the project. I rallied my team members and within a short time, we had a workable project plan, comfortable with all members. I then identified the special talents in each of my team members and assigned them responsibilities concurrent with those talents. This proved very useful in improving team efficiency. Prior to every meeting, I did extensive research on the case and summarized my findings. These findings provided my team with necessary information it needed. I had to provide the general direction, thus giving each member space for creative involvement in the task. The fact that we were short of time motivated team members to work diligently in their areas of responsibly and reporting to the group on the progress made. The task was not only completed in time, but was also voted as the best. It was a task accomplished successfully within limited time and under dedicated leadership and teamwork.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Our project provides several valuable lessons on leadership. Leaders must develop the trust of team members and their abilities to acco mplish the task. Other than provide general direction, they should also provide the necessary resources to the team. In our case, knowledge was the resource the team members needed. They also recognize and allocate duties according to team member’s abilities, while letting them be creatively involved in the task. Generally, they make every member feel appreciated and valued by the team.

Biography of Annie Jump Cannon, Classifier of Stars

Biography of Annie Jump Cannon, Classifier of Stars Annie Jump Cannon (December 11, 1863–April 13, 1941) was an American astronomer whose work in star cataloging led to the development of modern star classification systems. Along with her groundbreaking work in astronomy, Cannon was a suffragist and activist for women’s rights. Fast Facts: Annie Jump Cannon Known For: American astronomer who created the modern star classification system and broke ground for women in astronomyBorn: December 11, 1863 in Dover, DelawareDied: April 13, 1941 in Cambridge, MassachusettsSelected Honors: Honorary doctorates from University of Groningen (1921) and Oxford University (1925), Henry Draper Medal (1931), Ellen Richards Prize (1932), National Womens Hall of Fame (1994)Notable Quote: Teaching man his relatively small sphere in the creation, it also encourages him by its lessons of the unity of Nature and shows him that his power of comprehension allies him with the great intelligence over-reaching all. Early Life Annie Jump Cannon was the eldest of three daughters born to Wilson Cannon and his wife Mary (neà ¨ Jump). Wilson Cannon was a state senator in Delaware, as well as a ship builder. It was Mary who encouraged Annie’s education from the very start, teaching her the constellations and encouraging her to pursue her interests in science and math. Throughout Annie’s childhood, mother and daughter stargazed together, using old textbooks to identify and map out the stars they could see from their own attic. Sometime during her childhood or young adulthood, Annie suffered major hearing loss, possibly due to scarlet fever. Some historians believe she was hard of hearing from childhood onward, while others suggest that she was already a young adult in her post-college years when she lost her hearing. Her hearing loss reportedly made it difficult for her to socialize, so Annie immersed herself more completely in her work. She never married, had children, or had publicly known romantic attachments. Annie attended Wilmington Conference Academy (known today as Wesley College) and excelled, particularly in math. In 1880, she began studying as Wellesley College, one of the best American colleges for women, where she studied astronomy and physics. She graduated as valedictorian in 1884, then returned home to Delaware. Teacher, Assistant, Astronomer In 1894, Annie Jump Cannon suffered a major loss when her mother Mary died. With home life in Delaware becoming more difficult, Annie wrote to her former professor at Wellesley, the physicist and astronomer Sarah Frances Whiting, to ask if she had any job openings. Whiting obliged and hired her as a junior-level physics teacher- which also enabled Annie to continue her education, taking graduate-level courses in physics, spectroscopy, and astronomy. To continue pursuing her interests, Annie needed access to a better telescope, so she enrolled at Radcliffe College, which had a special arrangement with nearby Harvard to have professors give their lectures both at Harvard and Radcliffe. Annie gained access to the Harvard Observatory, and in 1896, she was hired by its director, Edward C. Pickering, as an assistant. Pickering hired several women to assist him on his major project: completing the Henry Draper Catalogue, an extensive catalogue with the goal of mapping and defining every star in the sky (up to a photographic magnitude of 9). Funded by Anna Draper, Henry Draper’s widow, the project took up significant manpower and resources. Creating a Classification System Soon into the project, a disagreement arose over how to classify the stars they were observing. One woman on the project, Antonia Maury (who was Draper’s niece) argued for a complex system, while another colleague, Williamina Fleming (who was Pickering’s chosen supervisor) wanted a simple system. It was Annie Jump Cannon who figured out a third system as a compromise. She divided stars into the spectral classes O, B, A, F, G, K, M- a system which is still taught to astronomy students today. Annie’s first catalog of stellar spectra was published in 1901, and her career accelerated from that point on. She received a master’s degree in 1907 from Wellesley College, completing her studies from years earlier. In 1911, she became the Curator of Astronomical Photographs at Harvard, and three years later, she became an honorary member of the Royal Astronomical Society in the U.K. Despite these honors, Annie and her female colleagues were often criticized for working, rather than being housewives, and were often underpaid for long hours and tedious work. Regardless of criticism, Annie persisted, and her career flourished. In 1921, she was among the first women to receive an honorary doctorate from a European university when the Dutch university Groningen University awarded her an honorary degree in math and astronomy. Four years later, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford – making her the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate of science from the elite university. Annie also joined the suffragist movement, advocating for women’s rights and, specifically, the extension of the right to vote; the right to vote for all women was finally won in 1928, eight years after the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Annie’s work was noted for being incredibly rapid and accurate. At her peak, she could classify 3 stars per minute, and she classified around 350,000 over the course of her career. She also discovered 300 variable stars, five novas, and one spectroscopic binary star. In 1922, the International Astronomical Union officially adopted Cannons stellar classification system; it is still used, with only minor changes, to this day. In addition to her work on classifications, she served as a sort of ambassador within the astronomy field, helping forge partnerships among colleagues. She assumed a similar role for the astronomy field’s public-facing work: she wrote books presenting astronomy for public consumption, and she represented professional women at the 1933 World’s Fair. Retirement and Later Life Annie Jump Cannon was named the William C. Bond Astronomer at Harvard University in 1938. She remained in that position before retiring in 1940 at the age of 76. Despite being officially retired, however, Annie continued to work in the observatory. In 1935, she created the Annie J. Cannon Prize to honor women’s contributions to the field of astronomy. She continued to help women gain a foothold and gain respect in the scientific community, leading by example while also lifting up the work of fellow women in science. Annie’s work was continued by some of her colleagues. Most notably, the famous astronomer Cecilia Payne was one of Annie’s collaborators, and she used some of Annie’s data to support her groundbreaking work that determined that stars are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Annie Jump Cannon died on April 13, 1941. Her death came after a long illness and hospitalization. In honor of her countless contributions to astronomy, the American Astronomical Society presents an annual award named for her- the Annie Jump Cannon Award- to female astronomers whose work has been especially distinguished. Sources Des Jardins, Julie.  The Madame Curie Complex- The Hidden History of Women in Science. New York: Feminist Press, 2010.Mack, Pamela (1990).  Straying from their orbits: Women in astronomy in America. In Kass-Simon, G.; Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah.  Women of Science: Righting the Record. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.Sobel, Dava.  The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars. Penguin: 2016.

The impacts of events Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The impacts of events - Assignment Example Tourists’ focus then started to shift with the advancements in the event industry. As event planners came into the picture they realized that the tourism industry needed social events which lead to the event tourism industry (Lim & Lee, 2006). People usually travel to destinations for leisure and relaxation purposes but there are also people who travel to destinations for the purpose of business meetings, conferences, workshops and other similar social events. This movement of people has given rise to the event tourism industry (WTO, 1995). Events and tourism now go hand in hand, and so one without another seems incomplete. The perfect way to describe tourism would be to say that it takes a systematic planning process along with development and marketing of special events and festivals as tourist attractions (Kreag, 2001). These events are usually organized after looking at the behavior of tourists and the things which attract them towards a destination. Moreover, tourism mana gement aims at event tourism at complete utilization of the capabilities of events so as to attain overall tourism development. Event tourism also includes the research on people’s travelling motives which can be characterized as cultural, prestigious, physical, social and interpersonal motives and are pleased by diverse and unusual events. The Worlds Expo 2010, organized in Shanghai, China, was a similar event which was organized to seek attention of the world and to increase tourism prospects in China. It was a 184 days event which was eyed by the whole World. There are many credits given to the World Expo (2010) and so it was able to positively engage the world to China. China as a country has a history of hosting such events, but the Expo 2010 proved to be the best one indeed and was referred to as an event having its class apart. The standards set by the World Expo 2010 are very difficult to break by any other World Event such as this one. Socio - Cultural impact of the World Expo 2010 A country which has a good image in terms of social events just is more likely to make itself the spot for tourist attraction. The expected impacts of the Worlds Expo 2010 were positively seen on the host country, as through holding social events like these, a host country or the destination is able to make its own standing and create its brand image (Emma H. Wood, 2005). Also, since the country becomes famous for its culture and infrastructure, its resorts also become famous and many companies start holding their annual meetings and other conferences in that country, magnetizing more and more people towards it (Allen, 2009). Similarly, China had many benefits because of the World Expo, as the event was remarkably successful and attracted many countries towards it and the more a country is able to attract tourists, the more it is able to raise its finances through tourism (Solberg & Preuss, 2007). China has now become one of the best host countries, because of the im pression it created in front of the whole world, without the itinerary of such events, tourism is held incomplete (Henderson, 2006). Such events are not only created for revenue generation or for economic benefits but are also created to highlight the social culture of the country. These socio-cultural impacts go a long way to

Diversity at work - organisational politics to employees Essay

Diversity at work - organisational politics to employees - Essay Example As the case study shows, Isobela intelligently participates in the organizational politics at TopNotch and eventually gets a promotion after the retirement of James, their CEO. Alternatively, participating in organizational politics can have adverse effects on the careers of various individuals as happened to Alexis and George in the case study under consideration. The main issue that Alexis, George and Chetan are facing is their participation in organizational politics in an effort of seeing their efforts at the organization recognized and in turn get promotions. Their participation takes place when Alexis discovers that a former minister in New Zealand plans on hosting celebrations for his seventieth birthday. Alexis sees this as an opportunity of advancing her own agenda through playing politics to assist the company in achieving their objective of attracting latent clients while strengthening their status (Schermerhorn, Osborne, Uhl-Bien & Hunt, 2011). Alexis relies on rumors tha t are circulating within the organization concerning their relationship with their competitors. This enables her to obtain vital information concerning their organization of the various parties they have contracted (Martin, 2005). On the other hand, the company’s CEO also utilizes organizational politics in eliminating his competition in the attainment of contracts. He is able to threaten the management of ExcelEvent with the possibility of cutting ties with their major catering organization that is run by his relative. It is this move that enables him to eliminate part of their competition leaving one company vying for the same contract as his company (Sievers, Long & Lawrence, 2006). This therefore implies that the organizational politics utilized by the CEO of TopNotch were beneficial for his company (Case Study 2, 2012). Isobella is also perceived to have begun the steady rise in her career through the use of organizational politics. She reportedly manages to get the prom otions through having dinners with the company’s CEO and her family’s background. Isobella is said to be incompetent and leaves most of her duties to her assistant, a Mr. George. She utilizes the time she would have been performing beneficial duties for the company in blackmailing, gossiping and making negative reports concerning her subordinates to the CEO. This strategy enables her to propel her career to levels which other employees within her company only dream about. She additionally utilizes threats to damage the image of her subordinates who have not been complying with the organizations regulations (Champoux, 2010). For instance, she utilizes the pictures she had taken of George dating a colleague since the company has strict regulations concerning the relationships that exist between their workers. The types of organizational politics that are utilized by Isobella are meant to help her in pursuing her self-interests through the promotions she will get (Daft & Willmott, 2010). Alexis on the other hand uses her skills of negotiating directly with officials from other organizations in the pursuit of excellence for the company (Samuel, 2005). She uses her influence through positive organizational politics that would greatly have helped the company in achieving their desired objectives (Schermerhorn, Osborne,

Law. Offer and Acceptance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law. Offer and Acceptance - Essay Example When the party accepts the offer it is generally assumed that all negotiations have been done and the part unconditionally accepts the offer. Hence, there is no halfway through, either there is a contract or there is no contract at all. In this case, Anthony is the offeror who made the offer and Joyce is the offeree; to whom the offer is made. An offer must give a clear indication that the offeror intends to be bound by those terms as soon as they are accepted by the offeree. An offer may remain open until the specified time has been completed. Anthony told Joyce to respond to the offer within a specified time which was Wednesday mid-day. After that time, the offer would have been terminated. According to the English legal system, other circumstances in which the offer will terminate are rejection of the offer, a counter offer made by the offeree, death of the offeror or offeree and withdrawal of the offer (Schulze, 2007, p. 321). In this case, Anthony has withdrawn from the offer th rough sending a letter which Joyce received after posting the acceptance. Under the law, withdrawal of the offer must be communicated to the offeree. The withdrawal of an offer is known as the revocation of the offer. The case of Payne v Cave (1789) established the principle that an offer could be withdrawn anytime before it is accepted. There are many rules that apply to the withdrawal of offers. One of the main rule is that the withdrawal must be communicated which means that the offerors must notify the offeree that the offer is revoked (Young, 2009, p. 87). This rule was established in the case of Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tienhoven (1880) in which the defendants were a company based in Cardiff. They posted a letter on 1st October to New York making an offer to sell 1,000 boxes of tinplates to the plaintiffs. When the plaintiffs received the letter, they accepted it by telegram. However, in the meantime, the defendants wrote another letter to revoke their offer but the letter was re ceived by the plaintiffs later. The court held that a binding contract existed between the two parties as revocation would only take place on communication but acceptances take place as soon as they are posted. Anthony posted his revocation by post and it was received by Joyce after posting the acceptance. This means that the offer had not been revoked and Anthony was still under the circumstances of the offer and must be fulfilling his promise despite the losses it would cause to him. Thus, the offer has not been revoked because acceptance was already posted. If the acceptance would not have been posted by Joyce, the offer could have been revoked because the specified time given for the offer was still valid. Thus, an offer has been made and accepted as well. An offer is revoked only if the revocation is communicated to the offeree but the acceptance is made as soon as it is posted. The contract law establishes that acceptance of an offer is when the offeree has unconditionally acc epted to all terms of the offer. Acceptance can be oral or in writing, but at times acceptance can be done by an act such as delivering goods in a response to the offer. Acceptance does not take effect until it is communicated by reasonable means. Lord Denning explained this principle in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation (1955) that if A shouts an offer to B over a river and just as B shouts back in acceptance, a noisy aircraft flies over and prevents A from hearing B’s acceptance, no legally binding contract is made. This means that A must hear the acceptance of B only then will it be called communicated (Schulze, 2007, p. 321). However, there are some exceptions to this communication rule. One of the

Impact Of SMEs On Economic Development

Impact Of SMEs On Economic Development CHAPTER 4 Small businesses contribute substantially to two fundamentals of poverty reduction job creation and economic growth (The World Bank Group). In the previous chapter we examined a complete picture of MA in the theory of banking and at offering economic evaluation and strategic analyses of the process, also high lighting the performance of commercial banks in post consolidation period in Nigeria. It then viewed the benefits, consequences and limitations of MA and concluded with recent estimates of the effects of bank consolidation on Small Business Lending. In this chapter we shall be looking at the roles of SMEs, its benefits and impacts on the economic development. We shall also be looking at how SME get funded and the main sources of cash. Finally we will compare this credit availability to SMEs before consolidation and after consolidation in the Nigerian banking sector 4.0 Introduction Small enterprises are the seeds of the private sector, and also the source of innovation and diversification. They supply larger companies and develop their own activities and product lines. When they grow, they provide employment and tax revenues. Small and medium-sized enterprises can be the motors of economic growth. In most African countries, however, the business environment is not conducive to enterprise development ( Bercy, 2005 ). Small and Medium scale Enterprises (SMEs) are important for successful economic growth and social development. SMEs, properly supported, foster Entrepreneurship a proven pre-requisite for national economic success. Public and private policy support of SMEs is most effective when SMEs are part of the formal sector. One key objective therefore is to encourage migration of SMEs from informal to formal sector (Oyekanmi, 2006) Nigerian SMEs in informal sector are beyond the reach/help of public or private policy Policies do not provide sufficient support Difficult access to finance To use SMEs to stimulate economic growth and encourage businesses requires SMEs to move from informal sector to formal sector. 4.1 Definition of SMEs SME is an acronym for small and medium enterprise. It is a term that is used in a different way in different country and used differently even within the same industries. In the United States for instant SMEs can be used to express firms from small office home office to even large company. In Europe SMEs is used to refer to a business firm or company that has fifty to two hundred and fifty employees with an annual turnover of seven to forty million euro. Yet these SMEs must have a total asset less than twenty-seven million euro. In Canada, the industry uses the term SMEs as a reference to any company that has less than five hundred employees while categorizing company with employees above this number as large business. The definition of SMEs is country specific which is measured on size and level of development. In Nigeria SMEs are the moral fibres of the economy, a large percentage of businesses in Nigeria employ less than one hundred employees (Oyekunmi, 2006). This segment provides fifty percent of employment and fifty percent of the total industrial output. This can be said that most of the developing nations, its private economy comprises totally of SMEs and seen as the only reasonable employment opportunity for communities ( Oyekunmi, 2006) 4.2 Impact of SMEs on Economic Development Nowadays, the importance of SMEs has been recognised worldwide and their immense involvement to economic growth, community organisation, employment, catalysts of growth, innovation and skills and development. SMEs account for over 95% of enterprise and 60%-70% of employment, and generate a large share of new jobs in Organisation for economic Co-operation and development economies. (OECD Africa). Since the dawn of industrial changes and globalisation the importance and contribution of small firms is enhance as the economies of scale reduces. Nevertheless a lot of the conventional problems SMEs faces have also become more acute in this global environment. Such problems as lack of funding or credit availability, problems in utilization of technology, constrained managerial capabilities, regulatory weight down and low yield. Since every economy stands to gain from SMEs precise strength and weakness, policy framework and the role of government must evolve for these enterprises to flourish , adapt to new demands and strains and to reap the benefit of globalisation. For this reason encouraging entrepreneurship is high on the agenda of governments in OECD member countries, developed and developing economies. The importance of entrepreneurship stands out in this time of innovative change, and fostering a climate to help the dynamism in firm creation is considered fundamental worldwide.( OECD African Economic Outlook ,2009) 4.3 Role of SMEs to Economy Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) occupy a place of pride in virtually every country or state. Because of their significant roles in the development and growth of various economies, they have been referred to as the engine of growth and the vehicle for socio- economic change of any country. SMEs are seen as an authentic medium for the realization of national economic objectives of poverty alleviation and employment generation at low investment cost. Another benefit of SMEs includes access to the infrastructural facilities made available by the very existence on these enterprises. Also the spur of economic activities through supplies of items produced, distribution process stemming from rural to urban centre, enhances the standard of living of the employees and their families as well as those who directly and indirectly related with them ( Onuorah, 2010). The benefits of SMEs are innumerable and cannot be exaggerated. These benefits are summarized below. Economy contribution in the provision of outputs in form of goods and services. Generation of employment involves creation of jobs at relatively low capital cost. And the employment opportunities provided reduces village to city (rural-urban) migration and allows for even development Utilization of local resources: This promotes the use of local raw materials requiring simple technology SMEs help to reduce income disparity by developing a group of both skilled and semi-skilled workers as a basis for expansion Income generation: SMEs constitute major avenues for income generation and participation in economic activities in the lower income and rural brackets of developing societies especially in agriculture, trading and services. Stiglitz and Weis (1981) observe that small and medium scale firms with opportunities to invest in positive net present value projects may be blocked from doing so because of adverse selection and moral hazard problems. This selection problem occurs when providers of funds cannot validate the firms access to quality projects. While the hazard problems is related with the possibility of SMEs diverting funds to alternative projects or taking more risks than they can afford to. (Ogujiuba, Ohuche, Adenuga, 2004). Since SMEs ordinarily do not have access to public funds through the capital market, they obviously have to depend on banks for funding. The reliance on banks makes them even more vulnerable for the simple reason that crisis in the financial system can have a great impact to credit supply to SMEs, thus, SMEs are subject to funding problems in equilibrium and these problems are worsening during periods of financial instability. Berger and Udell (2001) further note that shocks to the economic environment in which both banks and SMEs exist can significantly affect the willingness and capability of banks to lend to small and medium scale firms. Government worldwide have realised the importance of SMEs and have encouraged them by originating and creating policies that are favourable to encourage, support and make funding accessible. To encourage the developments in small and medium enterprise are a plus as the role SMEs plays in economic development. (Oladele, 2009). 4.4 SMEs Promotion in Nigerian The Nigerian government has supported the SMEs development programs since its independence, yet very few of which have yielded impressive results. Now the challenge is to recognise the factors that influence their performance and development as well as the implications of these factors for policy. Ever since the attainment of independence in Nigeria, every known regime recognizes the importance of promoting SMEs as the basis of economic growth. As a result, several micro lending institutions were established to enhance the development of SMEs. Unfortunately, records indicate that the performance of SMEs in Nigeria has not justified the establishment of this overabundance of micro-credit institutions. Odedokun (1981) notes that in spite of the quantum of credit made available to the SME manufacturing sector; the contribution of the index of manufacturing to GDP was only 7 percent between 1970 and 1979. Source: CBN Annual Report, 2008 The major credit programs and specialized credit delivery institutions implemented to promote SMEs in Nigeria between the year 1971 to 1997 includes: The small scale industries 1971, agricultural credit guarantee scheme (ACGSF)of 1973, the Nigerian Agricultural and Co-operative Bank of 1973, the Nigerian bank for Commerce and Industry of 1973, the small and medium scale enterprises loan scheme 1 2 of 1992, National Economic Reconstruction Fund of 1994 and The Family Economic Advancement Program of 1997.( Oyekunmi, 2006). Others includes micro credit institutions include the Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI), National Economic Reconstruction Fund (Nerfund), the Peoples Bank of Nigeria (PBN), the Community Banks (CB), and the Nigerian Export and Import Bank (NEXIM), and the liberalization of the banking sector. (Ogujiuba, Ohuche, Adenuga, 2004). In addition there has been an entrepreneurship development centres in three zones since 2008, which is has trained nine thousand people and is expected to create about five hundred and twenty-five thousand jobs in three to five years. Most of these programmes failed due to poor administration in loan processing and credit procedure, poor monitoring techniques and the abuse of the scheme attributed to corruption (Oyekunmi, 2006). CBN initiated together with the Bankers Committee In 1999, an interventionist strategy called the Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS). This scheme requires banks to set aside 10 percent of their profit before tax to fund SMEs in an equity participation framework. (Ogujiuba, 2004). SMIEIS requires all banks in Nigeria to set aside 10% of their PBT for equity investment in SMEs (revised to 5% from end 2006) ( Oyekunmi, 2006) According to Mambula (1997), since its independence, the small business development programs have generally yielded poor results, despite the immense amount of money invested by the Nigerian government. But this can be associated to the fact that these funds hardly reached the SMEs business because funds got lost to bureaucratic bottle neck and end up in accounts of public office holders. It has however been worrisome that despite the incentives, policies, programmes and support aimed at revamping the SMEs, they have performed rather below expectation in Nigeria. 4.5 Funding opportunity for SMEs To assist SME development, priority should be given to financial reforms and appropriate financing. Effective financing of SMEs should include regulatory reform the creation of a friendly business environment for doing business, the extension of guarantees to local banks to entice them to lend in local currency (e.g. USAID Development Credit Program), tax incentives for rewarding companies that agree to have their financial statements audited, the creation of equity funds suitable for SMEs, financial incentives for partnerships, etc. (Bercy, 2005). SMEs being very unique and important and because of their relative small size can be negatively affected by changes in the financial institution especially banks during crisis period. The credit availability to SMEs is very important and significant not only from a theoretical point of view but also for policy purposes. In many countries different innovation have enthused extensive restructuring in the financial sector. Commercial banks have engaged in mergers and acquisitions, which has lead to the vanishing of many small credit institutions and appearance of complex financial conglomerates. Merger has open previously isolated markets due to the lifting of geographical barriers hence reducing market segmentation. SMEs can be funded in two major ways; internal finance, concerned with getting money from personal savings and from friends and relatives and external finance when the company grows and begins to expand. External financing is sourced from most financial institutions. There are two notable variants of external finance and these include debt financing and equity financing. Dept financing engages interest bearing instruments and are secured by asset collateral and have term structured into it. This can be long termed or short termed. Examples of dept finance include loans, overdrafts, leasing and hire purchase arrangement and letters of credit. Equity financing allows the banker or investor the right of ownership in the business. This as such may not require collateral since the equity participant will be part of the management of the business. ( Ogujiuba et all, 2004). We have seen the two approaches to overcome financial gap to SMEs. This approach has been further encouraged by two approaches. The first has been to broaden the collateral based approach by encouraging bank lenders to finance SMEs with insufficient collateral. The second approach is to broaden the viability based approach since its concerned with the business itself and the aim has been to provide an increase return in the general business, create a favourable environment and reduce risk. Viability based financing is especially associated with venture capital. This often entails a detailed review and assistance with the business plan. A common aim or feature of the viability based approach is the provision of appropriate finance that is tailored to the cash flows of the SME. (Berger and Udell, 2005). Levy in 1993 reported that smaller enterprises have limited access to financial resources compare to larger organisations and he discussed the impact of his findings in economic growth. SMEs funding is supplied through the business financial market in the following Retained Profit The Financial Market The use of banks. Government monetary policy 4.5.1 Retained Profit In the course of running a business profits are made, when these profits are kept for future use to expand the business it is referred to as retained profit. This profit is there for use to help buy new machinery, vehicle, computer etc to improve the business and keeps it going. On the other hand the retain earnings can be used to expand the business by diversification. And it can also be kept for a rainy day. 4.5.2 Financial Market The financial Market is a system that allows buying and selling of financial securities and instruments. It is a centre where bonds and stock are traded, and allows people to buy or sell commodities such as precious metals or agricultural good and other items of value at low transaction costs. Both general markets (where many commodities are traded) and specialized markets (where only one commodity is traded) exist. In finance, financial markets facilitate: The raising of capital (in the capital markets) The transfer of risk (in the derivatives markets) International trade (in the currency markets) The financial market matches those who want to buy with those who want to see. Money market is one component of the financial market for asset involved in short term borrowing and lending usually not exceeding one year. Trades in the money market involve T-bills, Commercial Papers (CP), bankers acceptance, Certificate of Deposits (CD) and both mortgage and asset backed securities. 4.5.3 Banks The systems of banking in Africa are not properly adapted to lending to SMEs with some exceptions. This makes financing a more difficult approach, hence making financing more flexible would be a welcoming help (Bercy, 2005). All over the world the importance of promoting SMEs as a channel of growth and industrialization has been recognized. One of the vital roles of the banks is to devise a way to creating loan package and providing loans to small business that are otherwise not properly informed. (Berger, Klapper and Udell 2001). Conversely credit provision to small borrowers may be affected by a number of factors. Bank consolidation is one of the major factor affecting credit to small borrowers. The creation of mega bank suggests that large institution devote less of their asset proportion to lending to small business than smaller less complex institution. ( Emeni and Okafor, 2008) .These mega banks may be oriented towards transaction lending and providing capital markets services to large corporate clients. These institutions often have their headquarters in business metropolis far away city centre that are a great distant from small borrower. Ogujiuba, Ohuche and Adenuga, 2004) Banks in Nigeria although reported to being highly liquid and wanting to make loans available, they are usually put off by the uncertain nature of SMEs. And since these banks do not provide the necessary funds required to start a business, run the business and keeps it going, SMEs tend to rely on personal assets for their working capital. This reliance on personal funds makes it very difficult to operate at optimum capacity, increase output and make sales. It also limits investment to develop, expand operation or even improve technology. This risk on bank not lending is attributed to lack of information on SMEs true situation in terms of finance and their performance ability to repay loans both principal and interest. And since the judicial system is not reliable, banks cannot enforce contracts, hence making business environment generally risk prone and uncertain.(Ogujiuba, Ohuche and Adenuga, 2004) The table below show the proportion of loans given to SMEs by commercial banks. It gives a brief summary for six years from 2000- 2005 of the ratio of loans given to SMEs to the total credit available to commercial banks in Nigeria. From this table it can be deduce that percentage of loans made available to SMEs is very low and over the years it reduces even more to a more trivial proportion. Table 4.1 Ratio of Loans to SMEs to Commercial Banks Total Credit YEAR Loan to SMEs (=N=M) Commercial Bank Total Credit (=N=M) Ratio of Loan to Total Credit (%) 2000 44,542.3 508,302.2 9.7 2001 52,428.4 796,164.8 6.6 2002 82,368.4 954,628.8 8.6 2003 90,176.5 1,210,033.1 7.5 2004 54,981.2 1,519,242.7 3.6 2005 50,672.6 1,899,346.4 2.7 Source: Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin Volume 16, 2005 4.5.4 Government policy (New Monetary Policy) The Nigeria Government in a bid to encourage small and medium scale enterprises has introduced several monetary policies. This has been mentioned in the previous chapters. The success of this strategy is based on its proper implementation, co-ordination and supervision. These monetary policies includes: The Small and Medium Enterprise Equity Investment Scheme (SMEEIS), the Small and Medium Enterprises Credit Guarantee Scheme (SMECGS) and the Microfinance Banks and Micro Credit Fund. 4.5.4.1 Small and Medium Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme (SMEEIS) The Small and Medium Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme is a voluntary initiative of the Bankers Committee in agreement with CBN, approved IN 1999. It was aimed at mitigating the risk-averse behaviour of banks. The scheme was a responds by the federal government to the promotion of small and medium enterprises as a tool of industrialization, poverty alleviation and job creation or employments. This scheme required all commercial banks in Nigeria to set aside annually ten percent of their profit before tax (PBT) for promotion of small and medium enterprises and equity investments. This was the banks own contribution in responds to the federal governments efforts in economic growth. This takes care of the burden of all financial charges such interest under normal bank lending. In addition the scheme provides financial, advisory, technical and managerial support from the banking industry. ( Soludo, 2005). Activities approved for funding under the scheme includes manufacturing, constru ction, Information technology, education, tourism and services. The funds set aside by banks under the scheme increased from N13.1 billion in 2002 to N41.4 billion in 2005. However, actual investments grew much slower from N2.2 billion in 2002 to N12.1 billion in 2005, representing only 29.1 per cent of the funds set aside. This further increased to N21billion in 2007 representing a further 21.5 per cent of funds set aside. (CBN Statistical Bulletin, 2008) Figure 4.2 Banks Investment in SMEs through SMEEIS Source: CBN Statistical Bulletin, 2008 Table 4.1 SME Reserve for Small and Medium Scale Industry of Top Five Commercial Banks in Nigeria. (NM) Zenith First Bank UBA Union Bank Intercontinental 2009 3,729,204 11,193,000 2008 3,729,204 9,439,000 2,635,000 3,868,498 2007 3,729,204 7,916,000 2,635,000 5,537,000 3,868,498 2006 3,729,204 6,998,000 2,635,000 4,931,000 2,387,122 2005 2,580,324 1,379,000 2,050,000 4,429,000 1,527,532 2004 1,224,242 1,379,000 1,426,000 3,491,000 856,935 2003 1,224,242 1,379,000 865,000 2,280,000 856,935 Source: Annual Reports of the Various Banks Various studies have pointed out that inadequate data on SMEs business activities and the vague scope of economic activities are some of the major issues constraining disbursement of funds under the scheme. Two very important policy actions were than taken by the Bankers Committee in 2005, to restructure the scheme so it could take proper effect. The first policy action was to implement the funding of all business activities with the exception of general commerce and financial services under this scheme. It was restructured to contain and provide for non-industrial enterprises so that other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, housing, transport and utilities can be funded under this scheme. The name of the scheme was, therefore, changed to Small and Medium Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme (SMEEIS), to reflect the expanded focus. The Bankers Committee also embarked setting the guidelines for the management of withdrawn un-invested funds during the year. The second policy a ction was to set the limit of banks equity investment in a single enterprise. This was increased from N200 million to N500 million, thus accommodating the real medium sized industries that constitute the missing middle in Nigerias industrial structure. These two policies had an instantaneous impact on the scheme as investment rose by 29.4 per cent in 2005 to N12.1 billion. The cumulative amount set aside by the banks at end- December 2005 stood at N41.4 billion, compared with N28.8 billion at the end of the preceding year 2004. The final benefit of this policy is expected to manifest fully from 2006, following the success on bank consolidation exercise in 2005. (CBN Annual Report, 2005). 4.5.4.2 Small and Medium Enterprises Credit Guarantee Scheme (SMECGS) CBN established the Small and Medium Enterprises Credit Guarantee Scheme (SMECGS). This scheme was set up in a bid to ease the rigid nature of the credit market in Nigeria, to also augment credit to the real sector and complement its 500 billion Naira Power/Manufacturing facility; the Management of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) approved the establishment of a N200 billion Small and Medium Enterprises Credit Guarantee Scheme (SMECGS), to promoting access to credit to manufacturers and SMEs in Nigeria. It is funded one percent and managed by CBN. The aim ideas behind this scheme is to fast track the development of SMEs and the manufacturing sectors in Nigeria as a whole by providing guarantees, creating an atmosphere favourable for industrialization, increasing the accessibility of credit and generate employment. ( Soludo, 2006) 4.5.4.3 Microfinance Banks and Micro Credit Fund The Microfinance Policy Regulatory and Supervisory framework was a major policy initiative of the Bank in 2005 after consolidation of banks. Microfinance Banks and Micro Credit Fund was a replacement to community banks with a deadline to microfinance bank latest December 2007. The policy, among others, addresses the problem of lack of access to credit by entrepreneurs who do not have access to regular banks; strengthens the weak capacity of such entrepreneurs, and raises the capital base of microfinance institutions. The key elements of this framework was to set aside not less than one percent of the annual budget by state governments and local government for on lending through the microfinance banks, in addition to endorse and authorise the management of microfinance banks, establishment of the micro credit funds and introduce deposit insurance for micro finance banks to protect depositors funds. Problems associated with Credit availability for SMEs According to Cork and Nisxon, (2000) poor management and accounting practices have hampered the ability of smaller enterprises to raise finance. Owning to the nature of small business and the personal lifestyle of individual owners, goes a long way to affect operations and sustainability of the business. As a consequence of the ownership structure, some of these businesses are unstable and may not guarantee returns in the long run. However, there is reason to hope because according to Liedholm et al. (1994), a large number of small enterprises fail because of non-financial reasons. Remmers et al. (1974) reported the debt/total assets ratio to be independent of firm size while Peterson and Schulman (1987) reported that debt/total assets ratio to first rise and then fall with size of firm. Whatever sides you choose to take, the granting of loans to SMEs depends solely on the decision of the loan granting institution. And this choice is also depended on size of the balance sheet of the SMEs. The general problems associated with credit availability for SMEs everywhere is summarized below. Bad Credit History An adverse borrowing history of SMEs particularly if it is involving a sister organization will discourage the lender. The logical presumption is that if you do not have a good credit history then that is indicative of a personality pattern which means that in the future you will face the same problems as you are trying to clear you refinancing initiative. The bank is then well advised to stay away from you or at the very most offer you some very stringent terms for borrowing. Poor business plans Most SMEs applying for loans do not present convincing feasibility studies or attractive business plans. They are therefore regarded as high-risk ventures. Lack of Collateral Thirdly, even those SMEs with business plans not backed by adequate collateral. The lack of adequate collateral would be unacceptable risk for the lender. As banks cannot afford to take any chances of non-repayment of loans, they insist on these collateral requirements being met. In as much as they have nothing to fall back on should you default on your loan repayment obligations? Good financial management requires that they do not accept a refinancing initiative until they are sure that you are more than capable of covering the full loan if circumstances demand it. Collateral is the final reserve to meet this criteria and if it is missing, then the decision is likely to be negative. The impact of regulatory and monetary factors on bank loan The result is that monetary policy effects on bank lending depend on the capital adequacy of the banking sector; lending by banks with low capital has a delayed and then amplified reaction to interest rate shocks, relative to well-capitalized banks. Other implications are that bank capital affects lending even when the regulatory constraint is not momentarily binding, and that shocks to bank profits, such as loan defaults, can have a persistent impact on lending. Financial crisis Again bank financial distresses may also be an important determinant of credit availability during periods of credit crunch and accompanying financial crises. However, there are very few small firms that will satisfy the rigorous condition set by the traditional feasibility appraisal model, which is often designed for both small and big firms. While some aspects of the criteria of the feasibility model are met by some small firms, others are not met at all, therefore for banks to lend , they need to develop lending rules that accommodate the peculiar characteristics both for the SMEs and their owners. Other reasons In addition, many SMEs do not hold deposit accounts in the formal banking sector, which the banks require from loan applicants. Another reason SMEs were not given any concessions in terms of loan conditions was that in Nigeria no law exists to protect bankers against default. Yet another reason banks resist loans to SMEs is the unwillingness of owner/managers to acquire formal training. Such training is useful in providing added expertise and competence in a chosen field of business and in improving chances of obtaining loans.( Mambula, 2002) THE END .