Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay Essay Example

Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay As I sit following to my sister. Natalie. she appears disheartened as she tells the story that began her hard excursion of covering with a belly to-burial place ailment. As she depicts it. â€Å"At the youthful age of 13. at the point when my lady friends were accepting about a moving toward 1950s-type sock jump. I ended up in a Milwaukee back support to deal with an arch of my spinal segment called scoliosis. The support keeps the spinal segment for all intents and purposes fixed. It held my caput in collusion with metal bars. clear down to a plastic cast over my hips. I wore the support for two mature ages and the childs in my school would ask in the event that I had been in a car wreck. We will compose a custom paper test on Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer I in this manner began secondary school in new Nike tennis spots and the clumsy metal support. At the point when I was a sophomore. I built up a horrible digestive system redness scene which the doctor thought was bacterial looseness of the bowels. It was monstrous. what's more, little did I realize this was the beginning of a progression of occupations that are all part of a constant ailment. Around two hebdomads accordingly. I created agonizing puffiness in my correct articulatio class. It was horrible bounty to require remotion of a surprisingly large whole of synovial liquid. A couple yearss after the correct articulatio family appeared to patch. the left articulatio family expand. A similar structure proceeded for the accompanying a few mature ages and the doctors said it was only joint inflammation. I so built up an oculus contamination called iritis in my correct oculus. It was horrendous to such an extent that it required every day cortisone infusions for 10 yearss. oculus dabs and resting in complete obscurity. For the accompanying four mature ages. I encountered horrible hip ( sacroiliac ( SI ) harming that made strolling hard. A pelvic X beam was taken. which demonstrated merger in one of the SI verbalizations. I was tried and discovered positive for the HLAB27 cistron. The rheumatologist changed the diagnosing from joint inflammation to an unequivocal Ankylosing Spondylitis which is a weakening. difficult infection. without a cure. that would proceed to decrease for an incredible duration and would in all probability terminal with me disabled and in a wheelchair† ( Rasmussen. 2010 ) Ankylosing Spondylitis ( AS ) is a merciless. familial sickness that makes life extremely excruciating and hard for those influenced by it. AS influences each piece numerous as 2. 4 million individuals in the US today. which is more than numerous induration. cystic fibrosis and Lou Gehrig’s malady consolidated. Researchers are directly attempting to occur out what this sickness is. how it is contracted. also, what should be possible to help the individuals who have AS pull off their stinging. maintain a strategic distance from farther real damage and ideally happen a cure. Pathophysiology: Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing Spondylitis ( AS ) is a ceaseless incendiary joint pain and an immune system infection. An immune system infection is the point at which the body’s common invulnerable framework. that should battle against sources or remote cells that enter your natural structure. misidentify its ain sound cells as being encroachers and pounce upon them. This can affect any bit of the natural structure or numerous pieces of the natural structure at a similar clasp. In the occurrence of Ankylosing Spondylitis. the resistant framework assaults its ain cells doing joint pain of the spinal segment. sacroiliac ( hip ) explanations and can do redness of the eyes. lungs. what's more, chest valves. It differs from discontinuous scenes of back harming that happen all through life to a horrible ceaseless illness that assaults the spinal section. fringe verbalizations and other natural structure assortment meats. following in horrible verbalization and back solidness. loss of motion and abnormality as life headways. Signs and side effects The get bringing down physical signs of AS regularly begin to glance in late immaturity or early development ( ages 17-35 ) . yet, the side effects can occur in more youthful children or a lot further down the road each piece great. The principal side effects of AS can remember visit harming and firmness for the lower dorsum and natess. also, indications semen on a tiny bit at a time over the class of a couple of hebdomads or months. From the start. awkwardness may only be felt on one side. or on the other hand exchange sides. The stinging is typically dull and diffuse. rather than restricted. This stinging and solidness is regularly more terrible in the forenoons and during the dim. in any case, might be improved by a warm shower or light working out. Other than. in the early periods of AS. there might be mellow febrility. loss of appetency and general awkwardness. Numerous individuals with AS other than experience entrail redness and iritis or uveitis ( redness of the eyes ) . Around one tierce of individuals with AS will see redness of the oculus in any event one time. Indications of iritis or uevitis are: Eye ( s ) going excruciating. watery. bronzed and people may see obscured vision and affectability to brilliant noticeable radiation ( Van der Linden S. 2009 ) . Changing degrees of exhaustion may other than follow from the redness brought about by AS. The natural structure must use abundance vitality to cover with the redness. thusly doing exhaustion. Gentle to seat iron deficiency. may result from the redness. which can loan to a general sentiment of weariness. In a minority of people. the stinging does non get down in the lower dorsum. be that as it may, in a fringe explanation, for example, the hip. mortise joint. cubitus. articulatio class. heel or shoulder. This stinging is ordinarily brought about by enthesitis. which is the redness of the site where a tendon or ligament appends to pack. Irritation and harming in fringe verbalizations is progressively regular in adolescents with AS. This can be bewildering since. without the quick nearness of back harming. AS may resemble some other signifier of joint inflammation. AS is more typical in youthful work powers than in grown-up females. Regularly. 1 of every 200 work powers have AS. though 1 of every 500 grown-up females have the ailment. The manifestations or type of the malady are distinctive in grown-up females. Citing Dr. Elaine Adams. â€Å"Women much of the time present in somewhat more untypical way so it’s considerably harder to do the diagnosings in grown-up females. For representation. some grown-up females with AS have expressed that their side effects began in the cervix rather than in the lower back† ( Adams. 2010 ) . The stinging typically becomes tenacious ( ceaseless ) . is felt on the two sides. what's more, goes on for at any rate three months. Over the class of months or mature ages. the solidness and harming can disseminate up the spinal section and into the cervix. Torment and delicacy spreading to the ribs. shoulder bones. hips. thighs and heels is conceivable each piece great. Progressed AS wiped out people at long last experience lack of spinal portability because of spinal merger. Spinal merger happens when mischief to the joint and environing bone makes Ca build up which acts like a concrete to keep up the castanetss from crunching together. Combination takes out the stinging brought about by the castanetss crunching together. be that as it may, makes the intricacy of constrained flexibleness or permanence. Determination There is no immediate preliminary to name AS. A clinical investigation and X-beam [ gt ; 0 ] surveies of the spinal section. are the major symptomatic apparatuses. A disadvantage of X-beam diagnosing is that imprints and manifestations of AS have ordinarily been set up each piece long as 8â€10 mature ages earlier for adjustments to be seen on a field film X-beam. which implies a hold of each piece long as 10 mature ages before equivalent treatments and mediations can be presented. Choices for prior diagnosing are tomography [ gt ; 1 ] and attractive reverberation imaging [ gt ; 2 ] ( MRI ) of the sacroiliac verbalizations. be that as it may, the constancy of these preliminaries is still poorly characterized. Other than. X-ray can be cost prohibitory ( Thomas E. 1998. pp. 343-7 ) . A physical examination by a doctor or rheumatologist is important in modestly naming AS. The investigation would infer searching for locales of redness. furthermore, look intoing for harming and delicacy along the dorsum. pelvic castanetss. sacroiliac explanations. chest and heels. Different side effects and indexs are other than taken into history. counting a background marked by iritis or uveitis ( redness of the oculus ) . a background marked by GI diseases ( for outline. the nearness of Crohn’s Disease or ulcerative provocative entrail infection ) . a family history of AS. each piece great as exhaustion because of the nearness of redness. The Schober’s preliminary [ gt ; 3 ] is an utile clinical advance of flexure of the lumbar spinal segment performed during examination. Ankylosing Spondylitis is viewed as a familial ailment and surveies have connected AS with a familial marker called HLA-B27. Be that as it may. demonstrating positive for this marker is non a warrant that an individual will get the sickness. Roughly 90 % of AS patients convey the HLA-B27 marker yet 10 % who show AS ailment highlights do non. The relationship among AS and HLA-B27 shifts in various social and racial gatherings. 95 % of individuals in the Caucasic populace who have AS preliminary HLA-B27 positive. Notwithstanding. just 50 % of African American patients with AS have HLA-B27 marker. In this way. 5 % of Caucasians and 50 % of African Americans who have AS do non transport the HLA-B27 marker. In 2007. a collective endeavor by a global crew of examination laborers in the U. K. . Australia and the United States prompted the find of two cistrons. ARTS1 and IL23R [ gt ; 4 ] . that other than add to the reason for AS. The discoveries were distributed in the November 2007 release of Nature Genetics. a journal that underscores research on the familial foo

Junior Deputy Free Essays

Derick Krones Junior Deputy During Junior Deputy this year, I discovered that smoking is terrible for your wellbeing. Also, liquor is awful for you, as well. Smoking makes tar develop in your lungs and can prompt disease. We will compose a custom exposition test on Junior Deputy or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now I realize malignancy is a terrible ailment since I have lost my grandpa and grandmother to disease. Liquor murders synapses. It is imperative to learn and on the off chance that you don't have all your synapses, you won't be as savvy which implies you won't work out quite as well throughout everyday life. I loved getting the opportunity to wear the alcoholic goggles in Junior Deputy. It was amusing to perceive how it affects you to attempt to stroll with the goggles on. It was a pleasant break in the day to get the opportunity to find out about different things in Junior Deputy at school as opposed to math, science, correspondence expressions, and social investigations. The piece of Junior Deputy I loved the least was to what extent the pre/present tests were on take. There were hard inquiries on the test and it required some investment to consider the appropriate responses. I realize you need to step through examinations to perceive what you do and don't have a clue, however it was my least most loved piece of Junior Deputy. As a matter of fact getting the chance to wear the alcoholic goggles caused you to feel what it resembled to be flushed so you realize you would prefer not to drink. Junior Deputy instructed me to settle on the correct decisions and not do drugs,alcohol or smoke. It is essential to remain sound and put forth a valiant effort throughout everyday life. Junior Deputy discloses how to use sound judgment and to remain solid. Step by step instructions to refer to Junior Deputy, Essay models

Abnormal Psychology Somatoform Disorder Example

Abnormal Psychology Somatoform Disorder Example Abnormal Psychology: Somatoform Disorder â€" Essay Example > Introduction Somatoform disorder is a group of mental disorders that are placed in a common category, basing on their external symptoms. According to Dimsdale (2009), the disorders are characterized by physical complaints that seem to be medical in origin and cannot be described in terms of physical disease, the cause of substance abuse or by another psychological disorder. Somatoform is a psychological disorder that is usually characterized by physical symptoms which include physical illness or injury. The disorders are always hard to be explained fully by a general medical condition, direct impact of a substance or to be linked with another mental disorder such as panic disorder. Patients with somatoform disorder may worried about their health because doctors find it hard to establish the cause for the individual’s health problems (Surhone Timpledon 2010). The history of somatoform disorderAccording to Trimble (2004), the prehistoric Egyptians attributed somatoform disorders to a wandering uterus. Rene Descartes’ seventeenth century paradigm of separation among the psyche and soma protected the advancement of reductionist medical model with dualist outlook that affect the management of conversion symptoms. In the eighteenth century, disease theories such as humoral theories and master-organ theories emerged (Shives, 2007). In the nineteenth century, reflex theory stated that all organs can influence all other organs irrespective of the mind and the will. According to Videbeck (2010), Charcot conceptualized hysteria as an inborn Central Nervous System disease that is caused by functional lesions in nervous system and cannot be localized. Towards the end of nineteenth century, the concept of dissociation was known as psychological automatisms and emphasized the coexistence of different mental systems that would be incorporated into the perception of an identity of a person (Dimsdale, 2009). The concept of dissociation was initially influenced by Freud ’s psychoanalysis model. Early neurobiological models also suggested that conversion reactions were associated with conflicts, including dangerous conflicts that were being associated with fear. Behavioral models explained conversion symptoms as communication diseases or a social construct with disagreement or lack of understanding among patients and doctors. Freud coined the term “conversion” to imply the substitution of somatic symptoms for reserved emotions. Historically, conversion terms such as ‘hysteria’ and ‘conversion hysteria’ were interchangeably employed to explain a condition characterized by one somatoform symptom, that is, a pseudo-neurologic system (Salloum Mezzich, 2009). According to Videbeck (2010), it is important to know that the current classification of psychological disorders reflects the present historical changes in the medicine and psychiatry practice. When psychiatry initially became a separate branch of medicine towards the end of nineteen th century, the term hysteria is used to describe mental disorders that are characterized by altered states of consciousness such as sleepwalking or physical symptoms such as leg with no neurologic cause that could not be explained fully by a medical disease. The term dissociation was applied in psychological mechanism that permits the mind to help in reducing painful feelings, memories or ideas that are lost to conscious recall. Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalysts believed hysterical symptoms results from dissociative thoughts or memories that re-emerged through bodily functions or trace states. Prior to categorization, all psychological disorders that were taken to be forms of hysteria were categorized together on the basis of this theory. Since 1980, somatoform disorders and dissociative disorders have been placed in different categories basing on their chief symptoms. Maj and Akiskal (2005) point out that somatoform disorders are characterized by turbulences of the physical conditions of the patient or a person’s capability to move the limbs or to walk, while the dissociative disorders are characterized by disturbances of the patient’s sense of identity or memory.

Leadership Training My Leadership - 2040 Words

Leadership Overview Introduction When I walked into the first class of leadership training, I thought that I had a firm understanding about what leadership was, and how to lead in an efficient matter. I quickly learned that I had a lot of room for improvement to become a better leader. My leadership journey prior to this class was not diverse, most of my leadership experiences were in athletics, there were only a few times I lead in other situations. In high school I was the captain of the varsity soccer team my junior and senior year, captain of the varsity basketball team my senior year, a member of student council my junior year, and a member of the the student ambassador program my senior year. 90% of my leadership experiences have†¦show more content†¦Also, for PLP part one we were given the task to come up with short term and long term leadership goals, the short term goals were set to be completed before the semester was over, and the long term goals were anything beyond that time period. After I co mpleted the self – assessment, and received my results I really found out what kind of a leader I am. After the results settled in, I realized that these results were not shocking by any means. The results I received directly reflected what kind of a leadership I had been demonstrating throughout my leadership journey, and reflected my personality. The areas that I scored well in were: model the way and challenge the process. The areas I did not score well in were: encourage the heart, inspire a shared vision and enable others to act. The personality I have is matches up perfectly with my results, I am a silent leader, leading by example is the way I like to lead, that is why modeling the way and challenging the process area my strengths. Because I am a silent leader, my results also show that I am not an extremely vocal leader, that is why I struggled in the areas of encouraging the heart, inspiring a shared vision and enabling others to act. In my past leadership experience s, I never was the type of leader that was always yelling and encouraging others, I was the type of leader

What Are The Causes Of Intelligence Failures - 2082 Words

What are the Causes of Intelligence Failures? Intelligence failures can be attributed to when cognitive biases and fixed mindsets enter the intelligence cycle and objectivity is lost. Cognitive biases and fixed mindsets can be found in the intelligence reports surrounding the failure to predict 9/11 and the alleged evidence of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq. After a partisan commission and internal reports were turned into Congress, multiple intelligence missteps were discovered across the board. Ranging from intercommunication failures, the mismanagement of and uncorroborated information, and biased intelligence. One of the under ridding assessments called into question was the psychological influence of gathered information†¦show more content†¦These mental perceptions form and create â€Å"the most commonly identified villain† among analysts and the decision makers and their reasoning paradigm: the mindset. Mindsets, in psychological terms, are defined as a person’s mental â€Å"lens† on how they understand the world around them. These mental lenses form what political psychologists call motivated and unmotivated biases. Motivated biases are driven by people’s fears, guilt, desires, needs, and interests. Unmotivated biases refer to the influence of a person’s belief systems and the using simple strategies that they use to make sense of the complex world they live in. The creation of these mindsets is quick to form as people tend to perceive what they want to, which in return helps create expectations or beliefs on how people will most likely react in the future. In the intelligence field, mindsets guide the analysts to pay attention to certain kinds of information and then to organize and interpret the information. This explains how two analysts can look at the same information and come up with different explanations. 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What is Black History Month Free Essays

Surprisingly, the answer to that seemingly simple question would have a multitude of different answers, varying in degrees from full support to total outrage, depending on who was asked. The extreme fluctuation in emotional reaction to what appears on the outside to be a month long celebration of heritage lies in the different opinions of some very complex issues. Arguments over the benefits versus harm, and the definition of black history itself are at the core of this heated debate. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Black History Month? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The month long focus on the history of Black Americans, known as Black History Month, was brought to life by Dr. Carter G. Woodson. Dr. Woodson, â€Å"one of the first black Americans to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard university† (Gearing Up For Black History Month, 2007), was disturbed in the lack of knowledge and availability of Black History in America of any kind. Woodson felt strongly about this lack of history for an entire ethnic group and felt the need to create a forum that would, â€Å"highlight the contributions of black Americans to our nation and the world. His goal was to bring to light the â€Å"‘hidden history and culture† of the American people, and through this special observance, help all Americans to appreciate their ethnic roots and develop a mutual respect among the races. † (Gearing Up for Black History Month, 2008) He chose the second week in February because of its association with two great men who had a great impact on the destiny of African Americans: Abraham Lincoln and abolitionist, Frederick Douglas. Today it is even more fitting that this remembrance be observed in February, as it holds many great achievements for Black Americans including; the birth of a great civil rights leader W. E. B. DuBois, the month that the 15th amendment was passed allowing black’s to vote, the acceptance of the first black senator, and the death of militant leader Malcolm X, naming just a few. (Infoplease, 2009) From the beginning, Woodson’s motivation in launching Negro History Week was an, â€Å"initiative to bring national attention to the contributions of black people throughout American history. † (â€Å"Black History Month†, 2000) Prior to that time Black history had been relatively unexplored except for the representation of blacks as slaves or in low and insignificant social positions. (Wikipedia, 2009). However, even from its inception as Negro History Week, this period of remembrance has been a source of contention. Annually, this heated debate over the, â€Å"continued usefulness and fairness of a designated month dedicated to the history of one race† (Wikipedia, 2009) has broken itself down into three major arguments. The first and most hotly debated topic is mainly that of purpose. What is the real underlying purpose of this celebration? One side proposes the benefits of self-identity while the other argues degradation of society. Those who argue on the side of identity feel strongly that the affects of â€Å"historical amnesia† is the root of the problem. Their position that the long term affects of slavery on the mentality of the people had a more devastating effect than generally understood. (Pitre, 2002) Black History serves the purpose of helping African Americans understand themselves by looking at the uniqueness and origin of their history in relation to the development of world history. Black history would encourage Black Americans to embrace their personal identity as opposed to self-negating one’s self (Karenga, 1982). (Pitre, 2002) Connecting with their larger past will give Black Americans the ability to see themselves as part of a repeating cycle of world history that is everchanging and full of opportunity for freedom and productivity. (Pitre, 2002) It is this great power for healing found in our histories that is so indispensable. For history is the substance and mirror of a people’s humanity in others’ eyes as well as in their own eyes. It is then, not only what they have done, but also a reflection of who they are, what they can do, and equally important what they can become as a result of the past which reveals their possibilities (Karenga, 1982, 69). (Pitre, 2002) With the desire to let Black Americans have the opportunity to see themselves in a better, broader light and thus inspire all Americans to achieve to become better, proponents of Black History Month encourage schools and educators to enlighten the minds of America’s youth by learning about American history through another ethnic perspective. The aim of a multicultural education is not just an â€Å"appreciation for cultural diversity† (Pitre, 2002) but also a more compassionate perspective that will lead to a more equitable America. It is important to note, however, that in a quest for real multiculturism, learning about Black history is not merely a recitation of a handful of accomplished Black Americans. It is much more than a compilation of inspiring stories, and more of a frank and honest look at the often horrifying realities of the past. It is by looking at history in an unbiased way that truths can be taught, and real lessons learned. For example, one Southern high school committed to multicultural program fought back against the tendency to use a watered down method of inviting speakers with limited knowledge of Black American history or who teach history within the acceptable set framework of the dominant culture. Instead, the high school students chose a non-traditional, Islamic speaker to share historic facts and how they related to the struggles of Black Americans today. The result was outstanding. The reaction of the students was an emotional self-realization that resulted in a life-changing experience. (Pitre, 2002) However, this opportunity to candidly look at the past and see the effects it has had on the present appears to be the root of the problem for those that oppose the observance of Black History Month. Among some of the most ardent fears is the supposition that teaching students the realities of history will color both Europe and the U. S. as bad actors on the world stage. They accuse Black American scholars of having the intention of rewriting history. Disturbingly, at the same time they proffer the weak argument that taking time out for multicultural education takes time away from basic work skills education. (Pitre, 2002) Furthermore, they strongly suggest that teaching Blacks about the â€Å"historical injustices perpetrated against them† (Pitre, 2002) will inspire vengeance against Whites. Any program or curriculum that induces people of African descent to group themselves in opposition to White policies must be squashed in the name of our mutual safety as White people (Kincheloe Steinberg, 1997, 7). (Pitre, 2002). In addition to these arguments are the attacks that the honoring of Black History Month is nothing more than an opportunity for a marketing device. Unfortunately, this is perfectly illustrated in a flyer encouraging the observance of Black History Month: A community is only as strong as the traditions that hold it together. Procter Gamble products such as Tide, Bounce and Downy have been a part of the traditions celebrated by African-American families for generations. (Black History Month: Reminds Us of Our Common Experiences and Hopes, 2005) Furthermore, this heated debate over the beneficial versus detrimental perspectives on Black History Month is often subsequently followed by the controversial question of, â€Å"What is Black History? † In one historians point of view, Black History should be understood as Black History that focuses on Black people, their identity, their culture, their social life, their psychology, and the way they have used these ethnic, group, and personal attributes to make history in America and to contribute to histories, countries, and peoples elsewhere on the globe. (Wright, 2002) This very important ideal holds that as Blacks uncover and reveal the truth of their history awareness of White people in American history will also be enlightened. By motivating Black historians to present the truth in a scholarly manner and thus provide the moral guidelines for Black political behavior in America, the racism that scarred the country and the attitudes and beliefs of its people can begin to heal. (Wright, 2002) This ever-present problem of seeking identity through the looking glass of the past is not just an American issue. In the United Kingdom, with large communities of many different ethnic groups the struggle to celebrate Black History Month sheds light on this question of identity in a much clearer way. In an effort to teach Black History and keep school programs alive, they have confronted the issue that their traditional teaching of Black History month focusing on Caribbean Black History is â€Å"failing to connect with the new migrant communities such as the Somalis. The compelling questions are about making sense of a world whose problems seem dominated by historic questions of identity. †(Hunt, 2006) This search for identity runs deep. As Black Americans struggle to find an acceptable way to identify themselves today and build a stronger foundation for the future, the debate will go on. However, there are still some basic issues with name identity that appear to add to the confusion. For instance, just the identification as Blacks, Black Americans, African Americans, Afro Americans or the orthographical capitalization of the letter â€Å"B† as in black Americans, has caused a strain on the black American community. The suggestion by some black historians that all black Americans are African American became a popular reference even though most Blacks disagreed and saw themselves only as Black Americans, and not identifying themselves in relation to Africa at all. (Wright, 2002) Obviously identity is an important part of viewing not only the past, but more importantly, the future. Perhaps this is the reason there is so much disagreement and conjecture. Moreover, it is also obvious that until agreements and decisions can be made, the unity that is necessary to achieve the identity so desperately sought after will remain elusive. Regardless of the debate that forges on, and will one day find a resolution; it seems clear that whether it is black history or white history, it is all American history. References Black History Month: Reminds Us of Our Common Experiences and Hopes. (2005, February). Ebony, 60, 46+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5008550464 â€Å"Black History Month: the History of Black History. † Infoplease.  © 2000–2007 Pearson Education, publishing as Infoplease. 04 Mar. 2009 http://www. infoplease. com/spot/bhmintro1. html. Black History Month. (2009, March 3). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:05, March 4, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Black_History_Montholdid=274609871 Gearing Up for Black History Month in February 2008. (2007, December). Curriculum Review, 47, 14+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5024613228 Hunt, T. (2006, October). Whose History Is It Anyway? as Part of the Ongoing Debate over Black History Month, Tristram Hunt Asks for Greater Dialogue between Politicians and Academics concerning the Place of History in Modern Britain. History Today, 56, 28+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5017655596 Pitre, A. , Ray, R. (2002). The Controversy around Black History. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 26(3), 149+. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000644111 Wright, W. D. (2002). Black History and Black Identity : A Call for a New Historiography /. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=101983241 Wright, W. D. (2002). Critical Reflections on Black History /. Westport, CT: Praeger. Retrieved March 4, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=101985175 How to cite What is Black History Month?, Papers

GIL PEREZ, THE GALLICIAN Essay Example For Students

GIL PEREZ, THE GALLICIAN Essay A monologue from the play by Pedro Calderon de la Barca NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Eight Dramas of Calderon. Trans. Edward Fitzgerald. London: Macmillan Co., 1906. MANUEL: Listen, Gil.You, I am sure, remember (time and absenceCannot have washed so much from memory)The pleasant time when you were last at Lisbon,And graced my house by making it your home.I need not tell of all we did and talkd,Save what concerns me now; of the fair ladyYou knew me then enamourd of, (how deeplyI need not saybeing a Portuguese,Which saying, all is said)Donna Juana,At whose mere name I tremble, as some seerSmit with the sudden presence of his God.Two years we lived in the securityOf mutual love, with so much jealousy(Without which love is scarcely love at all)As served to freshen up its sleeping surface,But not to stir its depths. Ah, dangerousTo warm the viper, or, for idle sport,Trust to the treacherous seasooner or laterThey turn upon us; so these jealousiesI liked to toy with first turnd upon me;When suddenly a rich young cavalier,Well graced with all that does and ought to please,(For I would not revenge me with my tongueUpon his name, but with my sword in s bl ood,)Demanded her in marriage of her father;Who being poor, and bargains quickly madeTwixt avarice and wealth, quickly agreed.The wedding day drew nigh that was to beThe day of funeral toomixed dance and dirge,And grave the bridal chamber both in one.The guests were met; already night beganLoose the full tide of noisy merriment,When I strode in; straight through the wedding throngUp to the bride and bridegroom where they were,And, seizing her with one hand, with the otherStruck him a corpse; and daring all, to dieFighting, or fighting carry off my prize,Carried her off; lifted her on a horseI had outside; struck spur; and lightning-likeAway, until we reachd the boundaryOf Portugal, and, safe on Spanish ground,At last drew breath and bridle. Then on hither,Where I was sure of refuge in the armsOf my old friend Gil Perez; whom I prayNot so much on the score of an old friendship,So long and warm, but as a fugitiveAsking protection at his generous handsA plea the noble never hear in vai n.Nor for myself alone, but for my ladyWho comes with me, and whom I just have leftUnder the poplars by the river-side,Till I had told my news, and heard your answer.A servant whom we met with on the way,Pointed your house outwhither, travel-tired,Pressd for my life, and deep in love with herI bring, as curst by those I left behind,And trusting him I come to.

The living hell Essay Example For Students

The living hell Essay The Living HellOne of the worst moments in the history of our world is when Adolf Hitler came to power. His terrifying reign in Germany during and shortly after the second world war brought on nothing else but misery, grief, and a community which had now been greatly reduced. Hitler was known for his passionate dislike of Jewish people, (anti-Semitism). In vicious, inhumane ways, Hitler proceeded to torture, experiment on, and exterminate Jews. It was not only Jews however which Hitler wanted to eliminate; he also pursued gypsies and homosexuals. This tyrant used â€Å"living space† and the desire for a â€Å"good† nation of pure Germans as an excuse to satisfy his cruel beliefs and issues with these people. Throughout the course of the war, Hitler sent Jews to concentration camps. These camps where either labour camps, or death camps. Jews received â€Å"special† treatment, and where acknowledged as different from the rest of the society. But Hitler had no mercy ; he had it established that the Jews would all be annihilated. Concentration camps were places where the Jews or enemies of Nazism were sent.. After having been separated and forced to live in ghettos, they were sent off, on long train journeys, without knowing their destination, nor for how long they would be in these trains. People were known to get hysterical, scream that they were going to die, or die inside these trains. The trains were composed of tiny wagons, and each wagon was overloaded with people. There was no place to breath, let alone sit down. They had been told that they were going to be â€Å"resettled† in another ghetto, but little did they know what Hitler meant by â€Å"resettlement†. There was occasionally a little air hole or window through which the night sky could be observed. The train rides were anywhere from a few hours to a few days long, but the passengers were not told this, and therefore did not know how to prepare for these trips. A stra nge smell filled the air as the travellers approached their final destinations, it was the smell of something which was burning, it was the smell of human flesh. We will write a custom essay on The living hell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Jews were separated into â€Å"groups† for these camps. If they were healthy, young, and capable, they would be sent to a labour camp. The purpose of these labour camps was to work the prisoners to death, whilst taking advantage of their last strengths to build more camps or other necessities that Hitler demanded. If the poor Jews were weak, handicapped, elderly, or babies, they were sent to a death camp. These camps had one sole purpose; to kill. Inside these death camps, Jews were tortured as well as put through repulsive medical experimentations. Both types of camps contained both the notorious gas chambers, as well as crematoriums. The prisoners in death camps were sent there everyday, and the labour prisoners were sent there for disobeying or for no longer being physically capable of working due to the bad hygiene and feeding conditions. The most infamous concentration camps, with the most torture and death counts were Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Mauthasen, and Treblinka. It is absolutely impossible to explain a level of pain as strong as that experienced by Jews in these camps. All that can be explained is just a mere generalization, or a very small percentage of what people went through. Survivors, which are now very few, still have trouble describing the camps as they were when they were in them. The grief and the trauma in their experience will haunt them forever. .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .postImageUrl , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:visited , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:active { border:0!important; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:active , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sex Education in the Classroom EssayThe most known of all camps was Auschwitz, the death camp. The first of the two parts was built in 1940. It was so notorious because out of the total of six million prisoners which were killed during the war, approximately two million died in Auschwitz. When prisoners arrived at a camp, they were separated. Men on one side, and women and children on the other. Then, they were stripped from their clothes and all personal belongings and made to stand in rows. They were shaved, and either tattooed with numbers or forced to wear tags to identify them. The point of this was to make them feel like they were no longer human beings, but just lik e rats in a maze which led not to a piece of cheese, but to a piece of death. In this camp, like most other camps, they were sent to gas chambers with Zyklon-B, a gas whose effect is the same as carbon monoxide, it has no odour, but it leads to death by suffocation and intoxication. The chambers were made to look like shower rooms, and the prisoners were first sprayed with ice cold water and then the gas was released. There were no windows in these chambers. However, there was a small peephole, resembling those on hotel doors. On the side outside of the chamber, the hole was covered with glass, so that the Nazis could observe the process. On the inside, the hole was covered with a special screen, to that the victims could not break the glass. Once they were in, there was no way out. The Nazis made sure that nothing would ever happen in order to give them a chance to survive. If they were not sent to gas chambers, the Jews were burned, sometimes dead, sometimes alive. The main reason as to why this crematory was created was because the camps were running out of places to dispose of the bodies. At first, they were placed in mass graves, which were large holes in the ground where the bony, disfigured bodies were dumped. However, these took up too much space. Therefore, Hitler made an addition to his horror camps; crematoriums. These large buildings had a huge tunnel pertruding from the top, and every hour or so, sparks and fumes would erupt from them, then the disgusting smell would spread throughout the camp. Every camp was different from the other, however, Auschwitz was very distinct from the others. In other camps, the SS, Hitler’s army, were the ones in charge of killing the prisoners. But in Auschwitz, it was Jewish prisoners, considered the â€Å"lucky ones† who had to kill their own comrades in the crematories. Hitler also requested that these â€Å"lucky† prisoners be forced to burn their relatives as well, if they were in the same camp. It is unbearable to imagine the emotions which one must feel, being demanded to kill their own family. The next notorious camp on the list was Buchenwald. Buchenwald was created in 1937, in Weimar. This camp was smaller, and also much â€Å"cleaner† than the others. Here, the total known death count was of 56 thousand. It was a labour camp, overworking the prisoners to death, although many others died due to the conditions within the camp, starvation, and lack of hygiene. Few prisoners ever committed suicide, because of their strong faith. Therefore, they went through extreme horror, without ever losing their faith, although they knew their time was approaching. Buchenwald was built in two years, by five hundred of Germany’s prisoners. In March of 1933, Dachau had been opened. It was a death camp, for a different group of people. This camp was made for political prisoners such as Communists or Social Democrats who were considered as â€Å"threats to the state†. In this camp, the total amount of deaths was unsure. The major problem with this camp was the disposal of the bodies, which on average would reach up to 4,176 within 24 hours. The mass graves, containing from 300 to 400 people were taking up too much space, and so the process of cremation began there. It was very common in this camp. The skin of the Jewish people was peeled off before they were burned, and their skin was used for items such as lamp shades for Hitler and his officers. These lamps did not last very long, as the smell of decomposing skin is not an enjoyable smell to have in a household or office. This proves to which extent Hitler was becoming crazy over these exterminations, and to what point he needed to demoralize his victims. In 1938 , by the Danube river, Mauthasen was initiated. This occurred right after Austria was annexed to Germany. It was for all European â€Å"anti-nazis†. There, prisoners, and especially the Soviets, were labelled as â€Å"Ruckkenr- unerwnscht†, meaning â€Å"return undesired†. They were beaten, starved and experimented on. For example, they were placed in special pilot suits, then held down in a tube of water in order to see how long they could sustain these conditions in different types of suits. They were also put into pressure rooms, amputated and injected with diseases to see how they would react. .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .postImageUrl , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:hover , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:visited , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:active { border:0!important; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:active , .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf16721e5caf55c5a349e58a6422237ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tree Conservation EssayAnother camp, as known as Auschwitz was Treblinka. This camp, unlike the others, was in Poland, between the villages of Siedice and Malkinia. It was first built in December of 1941, and the second part in July of 1942. In the first building, Jews made weapons for the Germans in the war, therefore, it was another labour camp. The second part was, of course, a death camp. Upon arrival at Treblinka II, Jews and gypsies were stripped of clothes and belongings, separated by sex, and gassed to death. The SS were not the ones in charge of the chambers either, instead, Nazi-hired men had that role. They had to collect such things as gold teeth from the bodie s, and remove the corpses from the chambers. In this camp, prisoners tried to revolt, but greatly failed, and received further punishments. Close to another two million prisoners were killed. When the war was over, no more than 90 people were found alive, alive, but barely. Finally, World War II was over, putting and end to of Hitler’s hell. However, so many were dead, and the few that remained would forever be scarred. When the American troops came to release the prisoners, what they found was disgusting. Many Nazi’s ran away, and blew up the camps, in an attempt to cover up the horrors which had occurred within the barb wired walls. Seeing television interviews, or reading accounts from the survivors can bring tears to anyone’s eyes. Some still feel as though they were being pursued, others cannot bring themselves to talk about their experiences and their losses. Simply look at the camp pictures, or look directly into the eyes of the people. Then, you can see their story, and feel their pain. Bibliography:

Year Round Schooling

Year Round Schooling Free Online Research Papers The end of summer vacations is what most people think of when year round education is brought up. But is that all that it is about? Is year round schooling a better environment for students? Are those students smarter than students in traditional learning environments? Is it more cost effective? For everyone involved in the education system from parents and students to educators and administration, the issue of year-round schooling brings a passionate response from people both for and against it. So just what is a year round education exactly? A typical American school operates on a ten month system. This system was originally established during a time that children were often needed to work in the fields during the summer. Since then times have changed. Many people desire to disregard this system entirely and move to a year round education. Its important to understand that most students in year-round schools attend school the same number of days, usually 180 days, as students in traditional nine-month schools. So for most students there is no advantage of additional time in the classroom. Year round schools spread their 180 days out differently with small breaks between each term. The most popular example of year round education is the 45-15 plan. This has students attending school 45 days and then getting three weeks (15 days) off. The normal breaks, holiday and spring, are still built into this calendar. There are several popular arguments used by those who are for year round education. Some believe that students forget a lot of what they have learned during the summer and that shorter vacations might increase retention rates. There are also some people who suggest that schools that are not being used in the summer are inefficient. There is also the argument that other countries around the world use this system. However, the major benefit of year round schooling appears to that it facilitates continuous learning as the students are not out of school for a long period of time. As a result, the students tend to forget less over the shorter breaks, and teachers spend less time reviewing material. Just as there are several popular arguments for year round education there are several popular arguments against year round schooling as well. There seems to be a major inconvenience to families with children who are in need of child care during the multiple breaks in schooling. It is also more complicated for families to plan vacations. Some people argue that students are going to forget information whether they are out of school for three weeks or ten. It also is a concern to many that student summer employment will be virtually impossible as will summer camps and vacation bible schools among the other typical summer activities of children. The major reason stated by the majority of those who oppose year round education is that their children are in need of a longer break because they are so busy during the typical school year with sports and other extracurricular activities. Summer vacations give children a chance to simply be children. The studies comparing the year round to the traditional schedule are problematic because they are inconclusive. For one thing, it is difficult to isolate the year round calendar as the reason for any positive or negative results. The fact is that the biggest gains were made in schools that were truly trying to improve the overall quality of education. Implementing the year round schedule was just one of their efforts to achieve this end. If students, teachers, and parents are not supportive of the new schedule, it is bound to fail. If they are making their decisions based solely on funding they are quite possibly setting the system up for failure. Schools that are investigating year round education need to decide what they are trying to accomplish and whether a new calendar will move them further towards their goals. Ultimately, it appears that there is simply not one better way of schooling than another, but two separate forms of schooling which provide a proper education to its students. For both types of schooling the children and the quality of their education is priority. References Cribbs, Jonathan (18 October). Parents support year-round schedule: Group makes itself heard at school board meeting. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News,1. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Dateline database. (Document ID: 1161237171). Coulter, Phyllis (3 September). Year-Round Schooling On The Rise. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News,1. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Dateline database. (Document ID: 1120936861). Frost, Peter (23 February). Parents oppose calendar change. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News,1. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Dateline database. (Document ID: 1221801481). Lyons, Linda (2002). Can we learn from year-round schooling? The Gallup Poll Tuesday Briefing,56. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 283846531). Should school be year-round? (2003, September). Junior Scholastic, 106(1), 5. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 410098721). Research Papers on Year Round SchoolingCo-Educational vs. Single Sex SchoolsStandardized TestingDistance Learning Survival GuideThe Mechanics of Grading Grading SystemsThe Broken FamilyProbation OfficersBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettEmmett Till BiographyMy Writing ExperienceExempt vs Non-Exempt Employees

Csr and mcdonalds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Csr and mcdonalds - Essay Example As a corollary of the above job enrichment and enlargement policies and programs were initiated with a view to encouraging and motivating the staff to accept new challenges. For instance employee welfare practices though were not many, could be seen to a certain extent in some of the surveyed restaurants. Absenteeism and labor turnover figures were low. In fact labor turnover figures were high only among crew members because most of them were college undergraduates doing a stint to cover up tuition fees. Most probably customer harassment could have contributed to the above average labor turnover figures among the crew members at McDonalds restaurants in Leicester in particular and elsewhere in general. McDonald's pay is based on performance and the monetary incentives are intended to encourage employees to perform better in the jobs and employees might require non-monetary incentives too to remain their current jobs in the long run whilst reducing the degree of turnover. Thus the pay rates determination criteria at McDonald's are essentially determined by evaluation techniques of the HRM Department. For example employees at these restaurants were given a selected array of monetary and non-monetary incentives with the hope that the well trained and skilled employees would not leave their jobs at least in the short run. While HRM related aspects of the retention strategy was focused on employee welfare, there was much less focus on the long term organizational capability building measures to retain employees. The best example of this inadequacy can be found in the fact that the whole staff at McDonald's takes customer harassments for granted.This research study has found a significa nt amount of positive correlation between McDonald's HRM strategy and productivity gains though the extent to which such gains can be attributed to HRM strategy isn't clear. In the first instance as suggested in the Literature Review, the theoretical perspectives on motivation and performance have taken a new turn with greater emphasis on Strategic HRM. Secondly cultural diversity of the workforce at McDonald's requires such SHRM practices to be aligned with international trends. Thus as borne out by the majority of responses to the questionnaire performance related pay at McDonald's would have a positive impact on employee motivation and the Company would try to maximize their incentives. However it has been identified as the most desirable policy to achieve organizational goals and survive in the long run. McDonald's success in Leicester could be attributed to well managed labor relations and good motivation policies in order to encourages greater participation of the employees in the decision making process of the company. Next those four McDonalds restaurants in Leicester along with the other three have not displayed any noteworthy divergence from the theoretical and conceptual contingency framework of analysis applied here as illustrated in the McDonald's approach to CSR. For example all McDonald's restaurants place equal emphasis on animal welfare, education, environment, people, quality and safety and Ronald McDonald's House Charities (RMHC). The connected success factors - sustainable supply chain, nutrition and well being,

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Buddhism - Essay Example It is normally interpreted as good words, good conduct, and good thoughts. This entails giving, compassion, kindness, love, and delight in other people’s joy and all act of generosity and selflessness. Buddhists also directs themselves via the ethic fields with the knowledge of 6 realms. Rebirth is never guaranteed, and committing to bad behaviors will result to suffering bad rebirth ones in hell, animal realms, or even prate. Clear predictions of suffering and the nature of being in the reals are bound in Buddhist literature, apparently to shock and scare followers to improve their conduct. However, the attitude that befalls Buddhism towards bad deeds is more therapeutically rather than heavily judgmental. No believer can be written off beyond the salvation on the ground that what he has done is depicted to be irretrievably bad, evil, sinful, or wicked. Additionally, there has been no attempt to render or condemn those perceived to be guilty. In some instances, they are seen sympathetically, for they develop a path that could easily be followed, But the Law can never be evitable; we reap what and where we have sown. The above is certainly applicable and correct, yet to some extent it is proper to say that the ethics of Buddhism are rooted in rebirth and Karmas. ... Indeed one can say that without the dimensions of life, the ethics would not be there at all. This is because people would be the end product of interactions between molecules from where the consequences of morals would not flow. Therefore, in this scenario the only benchmark for the ethics would be relative, social, subjectively shifting, and based on the biological survival. Buddhism says a lot of the problems and how to solve them. Buddhism teaches people on the basic noble truth. Meaning there are four true facts and four truths that any person can truly realize. The four are certainly the problems that people face in their daily lives. Therefore, the teachings of Buddhism are directed to enable people to overcome the problems they face in life. The methods are very down to earth and very rational. The teachings show that every problem that one experiences came from a cause. It is imperative to look into one life and see the difficulties that one faces. There is no bid difference between the Buddha and the ordinary person. The difference is dwelled in the mind and the action of someone. It is very crucial to appreciate that the earlier Buddhism aspiration has been the wish to be happy together with other people. Buddhism has so believed that it is pure and eternal desire of everyone in the depth of one’s life. The thought is equally and originally inherent in the Buddha lives and in conventional people alike. Anyone who is awakened and lives according to the teaching of Buddha can attain the Buddhahood status by having profound self-esteem that the Buddha has. It is always tricky to see the Buddhahood principle manifesting in the life of a person but as a deal which is unattainable. Few will believe that when respecting other people, is the proper way for

Pros And Cons Of Stem Cell Research

Pros And Cons Of Stem Cell Research Stem cell the new frontier of medical break through poses an important ethical dilemma for humanity do we support the destruction of embryos to further science or do we support the protection of embryos. We are faced with a critical decision to protect embryos from being a part of a science experiment or do we think that it is ethical to kill a few embryos in the name of science. I will discuss the pros and cons of stem cell research. I will discuss the positive outcomes associated with stem cell research from a medical aspect and the negative outcomes from a biological aspect. I will also argue for stem cell research and against stem cell research. What is Stem Cell Research? Stem cell research is the use of cells retrieved from embryos which are capable of becoming all or many of the 210 different types of tissues in the human body. Stem cells have traditionally been defined as not fully differentiated cells or tissue types. The use of these undifferentiated cells or tissues is used to replicate cells in the human body. These cells are from embryos fertilized between days 5-7 of human development. The cells are then retrieved from the embryo and used by researchers to replenish dying or damaged cells in the body. These cells show great promise to help solve medical illnesses and diseases. The argument we face with this type of research is the use of the embryo to harvest the stem cells from are the cells considered humans or just cells. Argument for and against Stem Cell Research The argument for stem cell research is medically motivated providing for potential cures to debilitating diseases. I consider stem cell the future of medicine by replicating cells and replenishing old cells we would then prolong human beings lives. The argument for science promoting the possibility of future cures and eradication of diseases is a compelling argument in itself. There are those that argue that embryonic stem cell research holds great promise for understanding and curing diabetes, Parkinsons disease, and spinal cord injury. Opponents argue that the research is unethical, because deriving the stem cells destroys the blastocyst, an unimplanted human embryo at the sixth to eight day of development. The moral question we are faced with is the unimplanted human embryo a human being or just a cell. They are those in the religious community that have moral belief that the embryo is a human being and by destroying the embryos in research is the equivalent of killing a child. T he notion that by destroying an embryo during research is the equivalent to killing a child is a ridiculous conclusion. We can compare the embryo to the skin cells that are alive on our bodies. When we shed these skin cells everyday during showers are we killing millions of potentially children by taking a shower. The belief that an embryo in such an early stage of development is considered a human being with out being implanted in the uterus does not pose a very strong argument in my opinion. The fact that this cell is never going to materialize into a human being and will never grow outside of an etri dish is enough evidence to allow stem cell research to continue. The claim an embryo outside of the uterus is a human is up for serious debate between those for and against stem cell research. Our beliefs may be deeply rooted in religion and our religion determines how we view stem cell research. Some may compare destroying an embryo to killing a child because of their religious beliefs. We all have our beliefs, that belief may be for stem cell research to further science or to limit stem cell research due to our religious convictions. We must put aside our religious convictions in order to further science research into finding cures for debilitating diseases. In order to further any science research we must sacrifice someone or something to reach our goal. We could have not found cures to diseases or create vaccines without having subjects to test these theories on. The fact that an embryo is used in these research procedures has made such a political and moral controversy a hot topic is no surprise. We have debated this issue because it is claimed that the embryo is morally equivalent to a person, a fully developed human being. Those that hold the view that the embryo is a human compare extracting the blastocyst is as morally abhorrent as harvesting organs from a baby to save other peoples lives. There are some that believe a human embryo is a human being just like you and me, and it deserves the same respect that our laws give to all of us. There are those that believe that an embryo is a human being and embryonic stem cell is immoral because it amounts to killing a person to treat other peoples diseases. Some base their belief on religious convictions that the soul enters the body at the moment of conception. While others defend there belief without religion by reasoning that human beings are not things. That their lives must not be sacrificed against their will even for the sake of good ends like saving other peoples lives. I agree that we are not things to be used for research and not considered to be humans, but in the same sense a cell is not a human until it grows in to a viable human being. The real question here is do we consider a cell to be a viable at such an early stage in development our religious beliefs may teach us a cell gets a soul upon conception. The idea that at the moment of conception the soul enters the body does not make the cell a viable human being and therefore this cell should not be considered to be a human being. The Pros and Cons of Stem Cell Research The pros of stem cell research are unlimited potential for possible cures to diseases such as Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, diabetes, stroke, bone diseases, and screening drugs for pharmaceutical companies, instead of using animals to test drugs. The use of the stem cells to reproduce organ tissue and replenish cells has shown great promise for eliminating diseases for mankind. The possibilities of stem cell therapy are endless from cloning to reproducing spinal cord tissue. The use of stem cells to replicate human tissue and organs will help to prolong lives of human beings and possible slow down the aging process by replacing our cells. The cons of stem cell research are the use of stem cells and the ethical issues associated with using embryos to harvest cells for research. Another disadvantage of stem cell research is the idea that we as humans are on the verge of playing God by creating life. There are also issues with the stem cells having mutating and causing more harm than good. The research has shown possibility of the cells being cancerous in some cases and not growing into the desired organs. The destruction of life is most distinct disadvantage associated with stem cell research. Positive and Negative Outcomes of Stem Cell Research The positive outcomes of stem cell research are endless possibilities of curing a wide range of diseases processes and prolonging human life. The use of stem cells has been proven to replenish muscle and organ tissue in humans. Research has shown that the use of stem cells to treat Parkinsons and Alzheimers disease has significantly increased the functionality of the affected patient. Other patients have had success in replacing heart tissue from heart attacks and cancer patients now live symptom free from cancer. The negative aspect of stem cell research has been linked to how the cells are obtained and the morals issues surrounding them. Another negative outcome of the research is the cells often grow out of control into tumors and immune system sometimes rejects the cells. The use of the embryo to harvest the stem cells poses the most negative outcome of all with the belief that the embryos are human being and harvesting the cells destroys the cell therefore killing a human being. Conclusion Stem cell the new frontier of medical break through poses an important ethical dilemma for humanity do we support the destruction of embryos to further science or do we support the protection of embryos. The protection of the embryo from being destroyed for the advancement of science will ultimately put humanity at a loss by protecting a cell from destruction. The destruction of that same cell has the possibility of curing diseases and prolonging humanity for generations. We are ultimately stuck with the decision do we take a life in order to prolong future generations lifes by promoting science over humanity in order to further mankind. References A Kuflik (2008). The future like ours argument and human embryonic stem cell research. Journal of Medical Ethics, 34(6), 417. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1490151201). Bernard Lo, Arnold Kriegstein, Deborah Grady. (2008). Clinical trials in stem cell transplantation: guidelines for scientific and ethical review. Clinical Trials, 5(5), 517-22. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1563539701). Britain: Playing God; Religion and politics. (2008, March). The Economist, 386(8573), 40. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1454200351). Guido de Wert, Christine Mummery. (2003). Human embryonic stem cells: research, ethics and policy. Human Reproduction, 18(4), 672-82. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 345544781). Ida M Jones (2007). PROPERTY LAW, PERSONHOOD AND ETHICS: STEM CELL RESEARCH ITS IMPACT ON PROPERTY LAW. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 10(1), 19-30. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 1301953641). Insoo Hyun (2008). Stem Cells from Skin Cells: The Ethical Questions. The Hastings Center Report, 38(1), 20-2. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1431314801). R DiSilvestro (2008). A qualified endorsement of embryonic stem cell research, based on two widely shared beliefs about the brain-diseased patients such research might benefit. Journal of Medical Ethics, 34(7), 563. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1504043861). Robert Streiffer (2005). At the Edge of Humanity: Human Stem Cells, Chimeras, and Moral Status. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 15(4), 347-70. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 950255831). S Camporesi (2008). Reproductive cloning in humans and therapeutic cloning in primates: is the ethical debate catching up with the recent scientific advances? Journal of Medical Ethics, 34(9), 15. Retrieved November 18, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1551813891). (www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/cloning.html) Ethics of Human Cloning and Stem Research. Retrieved November 14, 2008. Ethical concerns of using stem cells for medical treatments In the modern world there have been many diseases, illnesses and epidemics that have been avoided due to the development of technology. One of the most recent successful developments have involved the research into stem cells. Stem cells are cells which can specialize into many different types of cells, they are known as totipotent cells. Scientists have found that it is possible to harvest organs, such as, livers, hearts, and lungs. Or remake dead cells which have been deceased from various illnesses, such as dead brain cells, that could be re-grown and cure diseases such as Alzheimers and Parkinsons. Some people may see this is a good thing as it could help many unfortunate people who have genuine diseases. But many people have raised ethical concerns about the research procedure involved. The procedure involves an embryos nucleus being taken out and replaced by the nucleus of the cells which need to be reproduced. This process is known as nuclear transfer. A very famous experiment conducted via nuclear transfer was the birth of Dolly the sheep; a mammary cell nucleus was taken and added to the embryo, which was then added to the uterus of a ewe and then in February 1997, Dollys mother gave birth. The cloning was successful but some people say she died at an early age because she was cloned, whilst others argue that she died because she was affected by the retrovirus JSRV. This is very common in sheep and causes many of them to die. Some people argue that using embryos is very unethical, as it involves tampering with Gods creations. Many people believe that embryos are human beings that also have rights and do not deserve to be killed or employed for medical reasons. Some people also argue that people may go too far with cloning, which may result in evil doings. Dr. Piete who is a member of the European Parliament stated, The cloning of embryos would be like a bursting damà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Once human embryos are cloned and used for the breeding of organs, there would immediately be attempts to go further. It is understandable why some people are afraid that along with a lot of help there may be risks of corruption. People may use the advances in stem cells to clone armies. Religions play a huge part in stem cell research. Most of them believe that killing or using an embryo is wrong because it means that a life is being taken. During a coalition of 11 religious leaders, it was concluded that, There is widespread agreement that the huge philosophical and ethical implications of these development have not been considered fully. The law protects an embryo/zygote after it has lived for 24 weeks. This law was introduced in 1990 and was known as the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 1990. This is known as the final abortion date; you can not have an abortion after the 24th week. This is roughly half the life of the baby in the womb of the mother. Although people argue that there are bad sides to stem cells research, there are many people who believe that the benefits outweigh the detri ments. One must hold consideration for all the sufferers of; diabetes, Alzheimers, heart disease, Parkinsons, brain disease, as they are waiting for a cure and right now the only cure seems to be research into stem cells which can help many sufferers fight the disease and beat it. At the moment diabetes is a huge problem in England. Diabetes is associated with obesity, which is a current problem that could soon lead to a global epidemic. Obese people can now have the chance to fight diabetes with advances in stem cells research. A representative of the Parkinsons Research Interest Group states Those who oppose this development need to show good reason why people with chronic illnesses should be denied advances in medical treatments that would substantially improve their quality of life. This agrees with the idea that people who suffer from fatal diseases have the chance to live a healthy and normal life. As for the people who believe that embryos have the right to live and that we should no t use them for research into preventing diseases, I believe this is a matter of preferences. How can people put the feelings of a few embryos higher than the treatment of people with diseased lives? This is totally inhumane and is a crime against humanity. The embryos dont feel a thing when they are being used for research but a human feels a lot of physical and emotional pain when it is going through these fatal illnesses. I personally think that millions of humans have a higher priority than that of a few cells. Lord Hunt who is the junior Health Minister states, The embryo has a special status, and we owe a measure of respect to the embryo. But we also owe a measure of respect to the millions of people living with these devastating illnesses and the millions who have yet to show signs of them. This explains my views exactly and Professor Julia Polak who is the Director of the Tissue Engineering Centre in Hammersmith hospital London also says I may feel sorry about two or three ce lls but I also care about the millions of cells that are a human person. We should consider this matter logically and ethically. Fair enoughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the embryos deserve respect but one has to question whether their rights overcome the rights of the millions of sufferers out there in the world. Therefore, in conclusion, I believe that stem cell research should be carried out, but the security precautions that are to be implemented, should be handled appropriately and also the governments of the world should not allow the research to fall in the wrong hands. Stem Cell Research: Beneficial or Detrimental? The use of stem cell research has helped to make many progressions in the medical field and has helped save many peoples lives by treating and curing many diseases and other illnesses. If scientists continue to research the uses of stem cells, it could prove to improve life for all human beings. However, the end result of researching stem cells could be beneficial or detrimental to our society. While research on cord and adult stem cells could show to improve life for those who are in medical need, embryonic stem cell research requires a life to be taken so therefore should not be supported. What are stem cells? Stem cells can also be distinguished as differentiated cells. They are primal cells found in all multi-cellular organisms. They maintain the capability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division, and they have the ability to grow into almost any type of cell.# That is why they are so useful. Dead cells of almost any kind, regardless of what type of injury or disease, can be replaced with new healthy cells thanks to the remarkable flexibility of stem cells. So if the use of stem cells is such a breakthrough in the medical field, why should anyone be against it? The answer lies in where they come from. There are three main sources for acquiring stem cells: cord cells, embryonic cells, and adult cells. Cord cells are cells that can be taken from the umbilical cord at birth and can be stored and later on used as a type of insurance policy for the newborn for use in the future. Cord cells can also be used by close relatives such as the mother, father, siblings, or other people of close relationship. However, the more distant the relationship, the more likely it is that the cells will be rejected by the persons immune system and it will not work. Next, there are the adult stem cells. Research on adult stem cells has been around the longest and has proven to be the most useful and successful of the different types of stem cells. Adult stem cells are attained from living bone marrow, blood, body fat, brain tissue, and skin. In order to be distinguished as an adult stem cell, the cell has to have these two properties: 1) The ability to divide and create another cell similar to itself 2) The ability to divide and create a cell even more distinguished than itself. Although these stem cells are called adult stem cells, they can also be found in children. The use of adult stem cells has helped to save many peoples lives in the past and is still being proven to have therapeutic effects in cancer treatments, autoimmune diseases, leukemia, and heart disease today. Every year more and more of United States government funding is being provided for cord and adult stem cell research due to its many successes. The last type of stem cells are the embryonic stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from human embryos. In order to harvest embryonic stem cells, an embryo must be destroyed. The reason why scientists are so interested in embryonic stem cells is because these cells can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type. However, after twenty years of research, there are still no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells. This means that they have the combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, so because of this, embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. What the Bible Says The Bible speaks concerning matters of stem cell research. In the Bible, there were many healers and physicians, and even Jesus healed some of the sick, wounded and diseased. And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing all manner of sickness and all manner of disease among the people. And his fame went throughout all Syria: and they brought unto him all sick people that were taken with diverse diseases and torments, and those which were possessed with devils, and those which were lunatic, and those that had the palsy; and he healed them. Matthew 4 : 23-24 Therefore, many would see no reason to believe that research on cord or adult stem cells is wrong and would believe it is a legitimate field of study, well within the will of God. Many also believe that it is Gods will for us as children of God to try and help those in need, just as Jesus Christ did when he came to earth; so it would only be right for us to continue studying and researching the many uses and benefits that can be discovered using cord and adult stem cells. However, while the use of cord cells and adult stem cells do not require the destruction of a human life in order to be obtained, embryonic stem cells do. The biblical teaching is that human existence begins at conception. You formed my inward parts; You covered me in my mothers womb. I will praise You for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; marvelous are Your works, and that my soul knows very well. My frame was not hidden from You, When I was made in secret, and skillfully wrought in the lowest parts of the earth. Your eyes saw my substance, being yet unformed. And in Your book they are all written, the days fashioned for me, When as yet there were none of them. Psalm 139 : 13-16 The word of the Lord came to me thus: Before I formed you in the womb I knew you, Before you were born I dedicated you, A prophet to the nations I appointed you. Jeremiah 1: 4-5 Since nothing has been accomplished with the use of embryonic stem cells, its potential still remains untested. Even after twenty years of research, there are no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells. However, embryonic stem cells hold the most potential out of the three types of stem cells because you can get up to 150 cells from just one embryonic stem cell line; where you can get only a small number of the adult or cord cells. Their tendency to produce tumors and malignant carcinomas, cause transplant rejection, and form the wrong kinds of cells are just a few of the problems that embryonic stem cell researchers still face and are trying to overcome. Many nations currently have a suspension or a ban on either embryonic stem cell research or the production of new embryonic stem cell lines. Another reason why embryonic stem cell research is wrong is because in order to start a new embryonic stem cell line, therapeutic cloning may be required. The Government and Stem Cell Research The fact that this type of research is wrong has not gone unnoticed by the United States government. Steps have been taken to help stop embryonic stem cell research (although adult stem cell and cord cell research is widely supported). In 1995, President Bill Clinton signed into law the Dickey Amendment which prohibited all federal funding for research that resulted in the destruction of an embryo regardless of the source of that embryo. In the past 7 years, President George W. Bush has enacted numerous laws that restrict federally-funded stem cell research on embryonic stem cells to the already derived cell lines. Then, on July 19, 2006, he vetoed H.R. 810 (Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act), a bill that would have reversed the Clinton-era law which made it illegal for federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of a human embryo.# Although the government prohibits federal and public funding of embryonic stem cell research, private funding is still legal. On February 16, 2007, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine became the biggest financial backer of embryonic stem cell research in the U.S. when they awarded nearly $45 million in research grants. Currently, if the United States decides to vote a Democrat into office, they will most likely be a supporter of stem cell research embryonic stem cell research included. However, if a Republican gets voted into office, such as McCain or Huckabee, they would be against embryonic stem cell research but would still support the research of the possibilities of adult stem cells and cord cells. The Future of Stem Cell Research Researchers and physicians are working to design stem cell therapies that are more effective and reduce the invasiveness and the risk to patients. Todays stem cell therapies usually rely on cells that are denoted by another person; this raises the possibility of donor cell rejection by the patients immune system. In the future, it may be possible for a person to use a sample of his or her own stem cells to regenerate tissue, which would reduce or even eliminate the danger of rejection. The only problem with this is that in order to use a sample of ones own stem cells, the process of cloning would have to be endorsed. There are a couple of verses in the Bible that speak against this. Know that the LORD Himself is God; It is He who has made us, and not we ourselves. Psalm 100:3 Thus says the LORD who made you and formed you from the womb, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I have formed you, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Thus says the LORD, your Redeemer, and the one who formed you from the womb, I, the LORD, am the maker of all things, stretching out the heavens by Myself and spreading out the earth all alone. Isaiah 44:2, 21, 24 As you can see from these verses, the Bible states two main things that relates to cloning: 1) Life begins early in the womb. 2) God forms life. Because we are Gods creation and because we are created in His image (according to Genesis 1:26), life is precious. Much of the desire in the scientific community is to create clones for spare parts, to use their stem cells, organs, and so on. Although it sounds like cloning these things would be more beneficial than not, cloning even the smallest of parts would be devaluing natural human life. On the surface, the possibilities of stem cell therapies seem limitless. Would it be possible to use stem cell technologies to replace any diseased or damaged tissue in the body? To answer this question, researchers must figure out the true potential and limitations of stem cells. Researchers are asking themselves many questions, such as how long will a stem cell therapy last and can we ensure that stem cell therapies will not form tumors in the body. There are so many things we can do with stem cells that the opportunities to improve human life seem infinite. Stem cells have helped us in ways such as reversing cancer, developing cures for diabetes, replacing damaged organs and nerves, and much more. Stem cells today are being used to treat diseases such as leukemia. Stem cell transplant procedures also show promise for treating neurological disorders such as Parkinsons disease. In 2001, nearly 80,000 people needed organ transplants, fewer than 24,000 got them, and 6,000 died waiting. Of those receiving organs, 40 percent die within the first three years after surgery.# If we continue to fund stem cell research, being able to obtain an organ to save ones life would be much easier. For example, say a person is in need of a pancreas; just place your order, and three weeks later a new one lies ready and waiting in the surgical suite. Heart failure? No worries a few injections with multipotent stem cells will grow new cardiac tissue. It is statistics like these that draw us into the idea of stem cell research. In conclusion, one must really look at the facts to truly understand the true potential stem cell research holds for us for the future. One must use his own judgement to decide for himself whether he supports stem cell research or whether he believes it is immoral or unethical based on his own opinions and beliefs.

Case 5 consumer trends

In today’s world of rapidly changing consumer trends, it is only wise that companies try to keep up with these changes so as to remain in business. This is largely because the consumer is becoming more concerned with the products they consume e. g. effects of high calories. The analysis of the following case study affirms this change in consumer trends. 1. Consumer trends The changing consumer tastes is one of the driving forces behind product innovation. This is epitomized by the recent consumer trends like low ‘carb’ and going ‘green’.Trends like these have forced companies to come up with products/processes that meet consumer demands. Like the dot com craze of late 1990s, the low carb and environment awareness are largely fuelled by customer awareness. These trends are usually force companies to align their products with the changing preferences. And is rightly so because companies that defy these trends may suffer drop in revenues. An example is t he American carmakers that belatedly adopted hybrid technology when their Japanese counterparts were already benefiting from the technology.Such trends lead to the market flooding with similar companies has witnessed with the dot com bubble although the low carb and environmental preservation trends may persist because of the awareness of effects of high carbohydrates and environmental pollution. Most of the internet companies collapsed (Cable World 2001). 2. Threat to entrepreneurs The entry of industry giants like Dell and Gateway companies into the computer recycling business with present problems to Stampp Corbin in the sense that he might lack used computers to resale. Legislations may also be passed that does not allow the resale and disposal of used computers.Such laws may require that computers of a certain age cannot be resold. Laws governing electronic waste from computers can substantially affect the business. The recycling of the computers by manufacturers can lead to ch eaper production of new computers such that entrepreneurs like Stampp Corbin may lack the market for the used computers. The sensitive information in the used computers may also pose a serious threat of lawsuits if it accidentally falls in the wrong hands. The software used to delete this information may not be effective in the long run with the development of new technologies that could hold data permanently.All the above factors can affect Corbin’s business severely. 3. Competitive advantage Retro Box Company is one of the pioneers of the electronic recycling business and therefore the existence in the market for a long time leads to the company developing good business relations with the suppliers and customers also thus ensuring constant supply and availability of the market. Another advantage is the ability of Retro Box to safeguard itself from lawsuits that may result from leaked information. The company has done this by developing tailor made software that can erase su ch data completely.4. Protection from changing consumer preferences and laws One of the important factors that companies can do to avoid loss of business due to changing consumer preference is through innovation and anticipating future needs of consumers. Thereby the new product development will be guided by future consumer needs and expectations (PRNewswire 2008). The company also need to be aware of the effects that their products have on the environment and hence come up with innovative ways of dealing with there effects thus avoiding the need of regulations through laws which can be costly in the long run.Conclusion It is therefore paramount that companies embrace consumer trends through anticipating their needs and thus coming up with innovative products that keep up with changing preferences. References: Cable World (2001). MSO defies dot-com trend-Against the Grain. Retrieved on 30/4/2008 from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0DIZ/is_/ai_80191576 PRNewswire (2008). Foo d marketers challenged to meet consumer tastes in 2008. Retrieved on 30/4/2008 from http://www. reuters. com/article/pressRelease/idUS187846+29-Jan-2008+PRN20080129